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Acid, Base, PH- Buffers

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7 views

Acid, Base, PH- Buffers

Uploaded by

quratulain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Acid, Base, PH and

Buffer
Definition of Acids

An acid is a substance that


increases the concentration of
hydrogen ions (H⁺) or protons
in an aqueous solution.
Brønsted-Lowry Theory)

According to the Brønsted-Lowry


theory, an acid is a substance that
donates a proton (H⁺) to another
substance.
Key Points:
Focuses on the transfer of protons (H⁺).
Acids donate H⁺ ions, and bases accept
them.
Requires the presence of a base to act
as a proton acceptor.
Example Reactions:

1)HCl + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + Cl⁻

HCl acts as the acid, donating H⁺ to water


(base).

2)NH₄⁺ ⇌ NH₃ + H⁺

Ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) acts as the acid by


Lewis Theory

According to the Lewis theory, an


acid is a substance that accepts an
electron pair to form a covalent
bond
Key Points:
Focuses on electron pair interactions rather
than protons.

Acids are electron-pair acceptors, and


bases are electron-pair donors.
Examples:

1)H⁺ + NH₃ → NH₄⁺

H⁺ accepts an electron pair from ammonia (NH₃),


forming ammonium ion (NH₄⁺).

2)BF₃ + NH₃ → BF₃NH₃

Boron trifluoride (BF₃) acts as a Lewis acid by accepting


an electron pair from ammonia (NH₃).
Properties of Acids:

-Sour taste (e.g., lemon juice, vinegar)

-Can turn blue litmus paper red.

-React with metals to release hydrogen


gas
(e.g., Zn + HCl → H₂ + ZnCl₂).

-React with bases to form salts and water


(neutralization).
Types of Acids

Strong Acids
Acids that completely ionize (dissociate) in water,
releasing all their hydrogen ions (H⁺) into the solution.

Examples:

Hydrochloric acid (HCl): HCl → H⁺ + Cl⁻

Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄): H₂SO₄ → 2H⁺ + SO₄²⁻

Nitric acid (HNO₃): HNO₃ → H⁺ + NO₃⁻


Weak Acids
Acids that only partially ionize in water, meaning
not all hydrogen ions are released into the solution.

Examples:

Acetic acid (CH₃COOH): CH₃COOH ⇌ H⁺ + CH₃COO⁻

Carbonic acid (H₂CO₃): H₂CO₃ ⇌ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻

Formic acid (HCOOH): HCOOH ⇌ H⁺ + HCOO⁻


Definition of Bases

A base is a substance that increases the


concentration of hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in an
aqueous solution.
Brønsted-Lowry Theory

According to the Brønsted-Lowry theory, a


base is a substance that accepts a proton
(H⁺) from an acid.

Example Reactions:

NH₃ + H₂O ⇌ NH₄⁺ + OH⁻

Ammonia (NH₃) acts as a base, accepting H⁺ from water.


Lewis Theory

According to the Lewis theory, a base is a


substance that donates an electron pair to
form a covalent bond

Examples:

NH₃ + BF₃ → NH₃BF₃

Ammonia (NH₃) acts as a Lewis base, donating an


electron pair to boron trifluoride (BF₃).
Properties of Bases:

-Bitter taste (e.g., baking soda).

-Slippery texture (e.g., soapy water).

-Turn red litmus paper blue.

-React with acids to form salts and water


(neutralization).
• Types of Bases:
1) Strong Base
Completely dissociate into ions in water,
producing OH⁻ ions.

• Examples: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium


hydroxide (KOH).Uses:Soap making (saponification).
• Neutralizing acids in chemical reactions.
• Weak Bases
• Definition: Partially dissociate in water, producing
fewer OH⁻ ions.

• Examples: Ammonia (NH₃), Magnesium hydroxide


(Mg(OH)₂).

• Uses:Antacids (e.g., Milk of Magnesia).


Fertilizers.
What is pH?

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity


(alkalinity) of a solution.

It quantifies the concentration of


hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution and is
expressed as:

pH = -log₁₀[H⁺]
pH Scale:
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
Acidic solutions: pH < 7 (high concentration of H⁺).
Neutral solutions: pH = 7 (e.g., pure water).
Basic (alkaline) solutions: pH > 7 (low
concentration of H⁺).

Logarithmic Nature:
A change of 1 unit on the pH scale represents a
tenfold change in H⁺ concentration.
Buffer
• Definition: A buffer is a solution that resists
changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base
are added.

• Explanation: Buffers maintain a stable pH by


neutralizing excess H⁺ or OH⁻ ions.
• Composition:
Weak acid and its conjugate base (e.g., Acetic
acid and sodium acetate).

Example: Acetic acid and sodium acetate


Action:
• Acid added → Conjugate base neutralizes H⁺.
• Base added → Weak acid neutralizes OH⁻.
• Buffer Action
• The resistance of a buffer solution to a change in pH is
known as buffer action.

• Mechanism of Action of Acidic Buffer


• Consider a buffer system of CH₃COOH and CH₃COONa
There will be a large concentration of:
• Na⁺ ions,
• CH₃COO⁻ ions, and
• undissociated CH₃COOH molecules.
• When an acid is added:
• If a strong acid (HCl) is added to the
CH₃COOH/CH₃COONa buffer, the changes that
occur can be represented as:
• Reaction:

The hydrogen ions yielded by HCl are quickly removed as


unionized acetic acid (CH₃COOH).
As a result:
•The hydrogen ion concentration is only slightly affected.
•This occurs because acetic acid produced is very weak
compared to HCl (the added acid).
• Mechanism of Action of Acidic and Basic Buffers
• When a Base is Added (Acidic Buffer)
• If a strong base (NaOH) is added to a
CH₃COOH/CH₃COONa buffer, the changes can be
represented as follows:

The hydroxyl ions (OH⁻) yielded by NaOH are removed as water.The supply of
H⁺ ions needed for this purpose is provided by the dissociation of acetic acid
(CH₃COOH).
• Mechanism of Action of Basic Buffers
• System: NH₄OH (weak base) and NH₄Cl (strong
electrolyte).
This buffer has a large concentration of NH₄⁺, Cl⁻
ions, and undissociated NH₄OH molecules.
• When an Acid is Added
• If a strong acid (HCl) is added to an NH₄OH/NH₄Cl
buffer, the changes can be represented as follows:

The hydrogen ions (H⁺) from HCl are removed as water.


• When a Base is Added
• If a strong base (NaOH) is added to an
NH₄OH/NH₄Cl buffer, the changes can be
represented as follows:

The hydroxyl ions (OH⁻) from NaOH are neutralized by NH₄⁺ to form NH₄OH.
• Role of Buffers in the Body
• Blood Buffer Systems:
1) Bicarbonate Buffer (HCO₃⁻ / H₂CO₃): Maintains blood
pH around 7.4.
• Neutralizes acids: H⁺ + HCO₃⁻ → H₂CO₃ → CO₂ + H₂O.

2)Phosphate Buffer (HPO₄²⁻ / H₂PO₄⁻): Active in intracellular


fluids

3)Protein Buffers (Hemoglobin): Bind H⁺ ions in blood.


Key Roles in Physiology
• Acid-Base Balance: Buffers prevent acidosis (pH < 7.35) or
alkalosis (pH > 7.45), both of which can disrupt cellular
function
• Respiratory Regulation: The bicarbonate buffer system
works with the respiratory system to manage CO₂ levels.
Expel CO₂, helping to manage acidity.
• Renal Regulation: Buffers in the kidneys help excrete acids
and maintain plasma bicarbonate levels
• Enzyme Activity: Proper pH maintained by buffers ensures
enzymes function optimally
• Oxygen Transport: Hemoglobin acts as a buffer,
maintaining blood pH while carrying oxygen.

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