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OpenStack Overview

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 Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Servi

OpenStack Overview

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 Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Servi

The OpenStack Framework

WHAT GETS CALLED

OPENSTACK?

USING THE SAMPLE

CONFIGURATIONS

CORE SERVICES &

OPTIONAL SERVICES

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OpenStack Modules

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Modules in OpenStack Releases

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Modules in OpenStack Releases

Release
Release Date Included Components
Name
Austin 21 October 2010 Nova, Swift
Bexar 3 February 2011 Nova, Glance, Swift
Cactus 15 April 2011 Nova, Glance, Swift
Diablo 22 September 2011 Nova, Glance, Swift
Essex 5 April 2012 Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone
Folsom 27 September 2012 Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Quantum, Cinder
Grizzly 4 April 2013 Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Quantum, Cinder
Havana 17 October 2013 Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer
Icehouse 17 April 2014 Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove
Juno 16 October 2014 Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara
Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic,
Kilo 30 April 2015
Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican
Liberty 16 October 2015 Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic,
Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight
Mitaka 7 April 2016 Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic,
Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum
Newton 6 October 2016 Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic,
Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral,
monasca-api, monasca-log-api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher

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Modules in OpenStack Releases

Release
Release Date Included Components
Name
Ocata 22 February 2017 Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila,
Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-
log-api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher
Pike 30 August 2017 Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila,
Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-
log-api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher
Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila,
Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-
Queens 28 February 2018
log-api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher, blazar, ceilometer-powervm, karbor, octavia,
storlets, tricircle, zun
Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila,
Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-
Rocky 30 August 2018
log-api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher, blazar, ceilometer-powervm, karbor, octavia,
storlets, tricircle, zun, Cyborg, ec2-api, Masakari, Qinling (40 services)
Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila,
Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-
Stein 10 April 2019 log-api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher, blazar, ceilometer-powervm, karbor, octavia,
storlets, tricircle, zun, Cyborg, ec2-api, Masakari, Qinling, freezer, monasca-events-api, placement, searchlight
(44 services)

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OpenStack Modules Functionality

• Nova Compute Service
• Swift Object Store
• Glance Image Service
• Horizon Dashboard
• Keystone Identity Service
• Cinder Block Storage
• Neutron Network Service
• Heat Orchestration
• Ceilometer Telemetry
• Trove Database Service

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OpenStack Modules Functionality

• Mistral Workflow
• Sahara Elastic map reduce
• Ironic Bare metal
• Zaqar Messaging
• Manila Shared file system
• Designate DNS
• Searchlight Search
• Barbican Key manager
• Magnum Container orchestration
• Vitrage Root Cause Analysis
• Aodh Rule-based alarm actions
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OpenStack Modules Functionality

• Compute • Object Store • Image Service • Dashboard • Identity • Block Storage • Network
Service Service Service

Nova Swift Glance Horizon Keystone Cinder Neutron

• Orchestration • Telemetry • Database • Workflow • Elastic map • Bare metal • Messaging

Service reduce

Heat
Ceilometer Trove Mistral Sahara Ironic Zaqar

• Shared file • DNS • Search • Key manager • Container • Root Cause • Rule-based
system orchestration Analysis alarm actions

Manila Designate Searchlight Barbican Magnum Vitrage Aodh

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OpenStack Architecture
• OpenStack follows a modular structure
• Different projects have distinct roles and responsibilities
• Projects are further classified into sub-projects
• Different projects communicate with each other

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OpenStack Architecture

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OpenStack Conceptual Architecture

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OpenStack Logical Architecture

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OpenStack Logical Architecture

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Horizon
(Dashboard)

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Horizon (Dashboard)
• Provides the web interface for OpenStack services
• Makes connection with all OpenStack services to call relevant APIs
• Implemented in django framework (python)
• Manageable, extensible and flexible architecture

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Horizon (Dashboard)

User Info
Branding

Dashboard

Panel Group

Panel

Sidebar

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Horizon (Dashboard)

Entire Stack
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Nova
(Compute)

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Nova (Compute)

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Nova (Compute)
• nova-api
o accepts and responds to end user compute API calls
o Supports OpenStack Compute API, Amazon's EC2 API and a special Admin API
(for privileged users to perform administrative actions)
o Initiates most of the orchestration activities (such as running an instance)
o Enforces some policy (mostly quota checks)
o Authentication is handled through middleware before getting to this daemon

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Nova (Compute)
• nova-scheduler
o It is conceptually the simplest piece of code in OpenStack Nova
o Take a virtual machine instance request from the queue and determines
where it should run (specifically, which compute server host it should run on)
o Filtering & Weighing
o Communicates with Compute Manager of compute node via RPC calls

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Nova (Compute)
• nova-compute
o Primarily a worker daemon that creates and terminates virtual machine
instances via hypervisor's APIs
o Consists of Hypervisor (Support for multiple hypervisors)

• nova-conductor
o Handles database operations for compute node
o RPC Server with client at the compute node

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Nova (Compute)

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Nova (Compute)

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Neutron
(Networking)

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Neutron (Networking)
• Neutron is responsible for providing networks for different VMs in
OpenStack system
• Neutron is a pluggable, scalable and API-driven system for managing
networks and IP addresses
• Provides API to make complex networking topologies
• Open to having plugins from different vendors

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Neutron (Networking)
• Neutron relies on Keystone for authentication and authorization of all
API requests
• Nova interacts with Neutron through API calls
o As part of creating an instance, nova-compute communicates with the
Neutron API to plug each virtual NIC on the instance into a particular Neutron
network through the use of Open vSwitch

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Neutron (Networking)

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Neutron (Networking)

Neutron
Server

Neutron Neutron
Agent Queue Plugin

Network
Provider Database

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Neutron (Networking)

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Network Deployment - Use cases

• Single Flat Network

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Network Deployment - Use cases

• Multiple Flat Network

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Network Deployment - Use cases

• Mixed Flat and Private Network

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Network Deployment - Use cases

• Provider Router with Private Networks

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Network Deployment - Use cases

• Per Tenant Router with Private Networks

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Keystone
(Identity)

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Keystone (Identity)
• Keystone is the identity service used by OpenStack for authentication
and high-level authorization
• It supports token-based and user-service authorization
• Keystone is organized as a group of internal services exposed on one
or many endpoints
o Many of these services are used in a combined fashion by the frontend

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 Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Servi

Keystone (Identity)
• Provides 4 primary services
o Identity
 User information authentication
o Token
 After logged in, replace account-password
o Service catalog
 Provides an endpoint registry used for endpoint discovery
o Policies
 provides a rule-based authorization engine and the associated rule management
interface

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Keystone (Identity)
• User
o has account credentials and is associated with one or more tenants
• Tenant
o unit of ownership in OpenStack, contains one or more users
• Role
o a first-class piece of metadata associated with many user-tenant pairs
• Rule
o describes a set of requirements for performing an action

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Keystone (Identity)

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Keystone (Identity)

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 Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Servi

Glance
(Imaging)

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Glance (Imaging)
• Image as a Service: a concept for having on demand VM image having
following features as well:
o Catalogue of all available images
o Have real images stored in attached devices
o Have generic APIs so that any service can query them in simple language
o Support, store and provide any kind of image abstracting the storage and
other internal details
o Highly available for other components

• Glance supported image formats: Raw, qcow2, vhd, vmdk, iso, vdi, aki,
ari, ami

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Glance (Imaging)
• It provides discovery, registration and delivery services for disk and
server images
o A storage repository for the actual image files
o Glance supports normal file systems, RADOS block devices, Amazon S3, HTTP
and Swift
o glance-api
 It accepts Image API calls for image discovery, image retrieval and image storage
o glance-registry
 It stores, processes and retrieves metadata about images (size, type, etc.)
o glance database
 A database to store the image metadata

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Glance (Imaging)
• Architecture
o Glance API gets request from external components
o It will request the information from Glance Registry
o Glance Registry will have information cached and it will provide metadata
o If the information is not cached it will fetch it from Glance DB
o Glance Registry gives the data back to the Glance API (using REST API)
o The data store can be a anything to a Swift to a HTTP, reachable via Internet
o Once Glance API has the information on the image it can serve the other
components

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Glance (Imaging)
• Architecture

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 Cloud Computing: Infrastructure & Servi

Cinder
(Volume)

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Cinder (Volume)
• Cinder is an OpenStack module to provide “block storage as a service”
• The block storage system manages the creation, attaching and
detaching of the block devices to servers
• Block storage volumes are fully integrated into OpenStack Compute
and the Dashboard
• Block storage is appropriate for performance sensitive scenarios such
as database storage, expandable file systems, or providing a server
with access to raw block level storage

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Cinder (Volume)
• Component based architecture
o Quickly add new behaviors
• Highly available
o Scale to very serious workloads
• Fault-Tolerant
o Isolated processes avoid cascading failures
• Recoverable
o Failures are easy to diagnose, debug, and rectify
• Cinder strives to provide API-compatible with popular systems like
Amazon EC2

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Cinder (Volume)
• Cinder manages persistent storage
o Data volumes that are attached to VM instances
o Boot from volume
o They can be detached from one instance and reattached to another, and the
data remains intact
o The storage resource outlives any other resource and is always available,
regardless of the state of a running instance
• For desktop user PCs internal disk drives are ephemeral
o persistent storage can be considered similar to an external USB drive

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Cinder (Volume)
• Architecture
o Cinder API: CRUD Operations
o Cinder Volume: Actual Back-end
o Cinder Scheduler: picks the optimal storage node to create the volume on

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Cinder (Volume)
• Flow for attach a volume to instance
o Volume driver returns connection information, which is passed to Nova
o Nova creates the connection to the storage using the returned information
o Nova passes the volume device/file to the hypervisor

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Swift
(Object Storage)

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Swift (Object Storage)

• Object Storage is a robust, highly scalable and fault tolerant storage
platform for unstructured data such as objects
• Objects are stored bits, accessed through a RESTful, HTTP-based
interface
o You cannot access data at the block or file level
• Object Storage is commonly used to archive and back up data, with
use cases in virtual machine image, photo, video and music storage
• Object Storage provides a high degree of availability, throughput, and
performance with its scale out architecture

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Swift (Object Storage)

• Swift is Scalable Storage
o Scales as the cluster grows
o Designed to run on commodity hardware
o No single point of failure

• Maintains storage backup to ensure High Availability

• Creates eventually consistent replicas

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Swift (Object Storage)

• Architecture:
o The Ring
o Proxy Server
o Object Server
o Container Server
o Account Server
o Replication
o Updaters
o Auditors

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Swift (Object Storage)

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Swift (Object Storage)

• Each object is replicated across multiple servers, residing within the
same data center or across data centers, which mitigates the risk of
network and hardware failure
• In the event of hardware failure, Object Storage will automatically
copy objects to a new location to ensure that there are always three
copies available
• Object Storage is an eventually consistent distributed storage
platform; it sacrifices consistency for maximum availability and
partition tolerance
• Object Storage enables you to create a reliable platform by using
commodity hardware and inexpensive storage
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Swift (Object Storage)

• How swift operates:
o User sends authentication request to Keystone
o Keystone responds with authentication token
o User sends a PUT or GET command to Swift Proxy Server
o Proxy server selects one of the storage nodes and performs the action
o Proxy server responds to the server with the response

• It is not directly integrated with other OpenStack components except

for Keystone and partly with Glance

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Swift (Object Storage)

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Swift (Object Storage)

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• What is the difference between Glance, Cinder, Swift?

Glance provides mirroring services, which are responsible for managing
images, such as discovery, registration, mirroring is the template for
generating virtual machine system disks, Glance does not save images, it
can be saved to Swift for saving.
Cinder provides block-level persistent volumes for virtual machines. Cinder
can implement volume creation, mounting, snapshots, etc. Cinder itself does
not save volumes, but it can take over various storages through Drivers and
use them to store The virtual machine provides space.
Swift is a distributed, persistent virtual object store that maintains space and
provides object storage services externally.
Glance function:
1. Complete the rapid creation of the VM and quickly get the business online.
2. Allow VMs to be created in batches, reducing deployment time.
3. Can maintain the consistency of the virtual host, OS, software, and
equivalent features.
Cinder function: Provides a block service to the VM and a virtual disk to the
VM.
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Heat
(Orchestration)

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Heat (Orchestration)
• Heat manages entire lifecycle of the application
• Launch multiple composite cloud applications based on templates
• Template based orchestration (text files treated as a form of code)
• Provide Autoscaling service which is integrated with OpenStack
Ceilometer

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Heat (Orchestration)
• Allows you to spin up multiple instances, logical networks, and other
cloud services in an automated fashion
• Some important terms:
o Stack – Collection of objects or resources
o Template – Defines a stack
o Parameters – Detailed information like network or image ID etc..
o Resources – Objects created or deleted during stack operations
o Output – information passed to the user from heat-engine
o HOT – Heat Orchestration Template
o CFN – AWS CloudFormation

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Heat (Orchestration)
• Architecture of OpenStack Heat
o python-heat-client
 The heat tool is a CLI which communicates with the heat-api to
execute AWS cloudFormation APIs
o heat-api
 The heat-api component provides an OpenStack-native ReST API
that processes API requests by sending them to the heat-engine
over RPC
o heat-api-cfn
 The heat-api-cfn component provides an AWS-style Query API
that is compatible with AWS CloudFormation
o heat-engine
 The heat engine does the main work of orchestrating the launch
of templates and providing events back to the API consumer

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Heat – Workflow
• Collect interesting info from OpenStack components create meters
(or samples)
• Transform meters into other meters if needed
• Publish meters to any destination (including Ceilometer itself)
• Store received meters into data store
• Read data via Ceilometer REST API

Collect Transform Publish Store Read

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Heat Auto Scaling

Consumed by Heat Engine interacts with

Instance Volume

Spins up

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Heat Auto Scaling

Reports Load
Heat Engine

Instance

Push stats

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Heat Auto Scaling

Reports Load
Heat Engine
Scales out
Stack

Instance
Instance
Instance
Instance

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Ceilometer
(Telemetry)

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Ceilometer (Telemetry)
• Provides a framework for metering and monitoring in Openstack
cloud
• Meters and Monitors all resources
• Generates Alarms to create more resources

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Ceilometer (Telemetry)
• Metering
o Measure and record what's happening
o Ceilometer meters whether you ask it to or not
o You can query it later when you realize you need it

• Monitoring
o Notify ("alarm") when one of the meters reaches a threshold
• Alarm
o An alarm is a monitor of a statistic that will trigger when a threshold condition
is breached
 Threshold Alarms
 Combinational Alarms

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Heat & Ceilometer – Together

Injects User
Metadata Create Alarms
API Service
Heat Engine

Trigger
s
Alarms
Alarm Evaluator Ceilometer

Instance

Monitor
Instances
Compute Agent

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Heat & Ceilometer – Together

Injects User
Metadata Create Alarms
API Service
Heat Engine

Scales Out
Stack
Alarm Evaluator Ceilometer

Instance
Instance
Instance
Instance
Instance
Compute Agent

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Heat & Ceilometer – Together

Provides
Alarm Rules
API Service
Heat Engine

Queries
Stats
Meter store
Ceilometer
Alarm evaluator
Instance Reports
Samples

Compute Agent

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Become a Contributor
• Propose blueprints & help implement them
o https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Blueprints
o https://blueprints.launchpad.net/openstack

• Report bugs
o http://launchpad.net/openstack
• Help users
o http://ask.openstack.org
• Documentation / manuals
o http://docs.openstack.org

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Contacts & Events

• IRC
o https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/IRC
• Mailing lists
o https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/MailingLists
• User groups and meetups
o http://meetup.com/openstack

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