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8.1 Atomic Structure

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16 views

8.1 Atomic Structure

Uploaded by

doolyema95
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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8.

1 Atomic
Structure
By Ema
Models of atoms
Atom
• The smallest particles of an element.
• Atoms rarely exist by themselves.
• They are usually joined together in groups by chemical bonds.
• Two types of chemical bonding: ionic bond and covalent bond.
• A scientific model describes an object or a system.
• It is simpler than the real object or system.
• Scientists use models to explain things that happen, or to make predictions.

Solid Atoms
• Until the early 1900s, scientists imagined atoms as solid spheres.
• The scientific model explain the behavior of solids, liquids, and gases .
• It also explain diffusion, density, and gas pressure.
• But the solid atom model cannot explain everything in chemistry.
Structure of atom
The scientific model explains how atoms join together.
It also explain chemical reactions.
Atoms are made up of tiny sub-atomic particles.
There are three types of sub-atomic particles – protons, neutrons, and
electrons.

Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus.

The nucleus is in the center of an atom.

Electrons whizz around the outside.


More on sub-atomic particles
• The table compares the masses of protons, neutrons and
electrons.

• Their actual masses are tiny.

• The mass of a proton is about 1.67262192 × 10-27 kilograms.

• The mass of the electron is even smaller.

( ⅟ 1840 ) • The mass of an atom is in its nucleus.

amu = Atomic • A nucleus has a very high density


Mass Unit
1amu=1.67377 x 10
-27
kilograms
Why do atoms have no electric
charge?
Atoms contain charged particles, positive charge and
negative charge.
This mean that proton and electron.
The number of proton is the same as the number of
electrons.
That’s why atoms are neutral.

For example, a helium atom is made up of:


• 2 positive protons
• 2 negative electrons
• 2 neutral neutrons.

A lithium atom is made up of:


• 3 positive protons
• 3 negative electrons
• 4 neutral neutrons.
Review 8.12 (page 168)

1. Copy the diagram below and fill in the missing labels. Choose from
the words below. Use each word once, more than once, or not at all.

Nucleus Proton Electron Neutron


Review 8.12 (page 168)

2. Complete the table to show the relative mass and charge of each sub-atomic particle.

Sub-atomic particle Relative Charge Relative mass

Proton +1 1

Neutron +1 1

Electron -1 0 (⅟1840)
Workbook 8.1 Atomic Structure

1. Until the early 1900s, scientists imagined atoms as solid spheres. Draw
ticks ( ) in the table to show what the solid sphere model can, and cannot,
explain
The solid sphere 1. Diffusion: This is the process where particles spread
The solid sphere
Phenomen model of atoms model of atoms out from an area of high concentration to an area of
on cannot explain low concentration. The solid sphere model can explain
can explain this.
this. this.
2. Chemical Reactions: These involve the rearrangement
Diffusion ✔
of atoms to form new substances. The solid sphere
model can explain this.
Chemical
✔ 3. Changes of State: This refers to the transformation of
reactions
matter from one state (solid, liquid, gas) to another.
The solid sphere model can explain this.
Changes
✔ 4. Atoms Joining Together: This is typically about
in state
chemical bonding, where atoms combine to form
Atoms molecules. The solid sphere model cannot explain
joining ✔ this.
together
Changes of State
Chemical Reactions
2. Scientist now know that atoms are made up of sub-atomic particles. Use words from the
box to label the diagram of lithium atom below.
3. Complete the table to show the relative mass charge of each sub-atomic
particle.

Sub-atomic particle Relative Charge Relative mass

Proton +1 1

Neutron +1 1

Electron -1 0 (⅟1840)
4. A boron atom has 5 protons and 6 neutrons. How many electrons does it have?
5

A potassium atom has 20 neutron and 19 electrons. How many protons does it have?
19

A Nickel atom has 28 protons and 31 neutrons. How many electrons does it have?
28

An arsenic atom has 33 electrons and 42 neutrons. How many protons does it have ?
33
5. Draw diagrams of the nuclei of the atoms listed below.
E. Explain, using ideas about the mass and volume of sub-atomic particles,
why nuclei of atoms have high densities.

The high density of atomic nuclei arises because they contain nearly all the mass
of the atom in a very small volume, leading to a very high mass-to-volume ratio.
8.1 Student book, Exercises and
Workbook Ended

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