Fundamentals of Multimedia

Chapter 5
Fundamental Concepts in Video
 Outline

5.1 Types of Video Signals

5.2 Analog Video

5.3 Digital Video

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 5.1 Types of Video Signals

 Component video
 Composite video
 S-Video

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 Component Video

 Higher-end video systems make use of three

separate
video signals for the red, green, and blue image
planes.
Each color channel is sent as a separate video
signal.
 Most computer systems use component video,
with separate signals for R, G, and B signals.
 Component video gives the best color reproduction
since there is no crosstalk between the three
channels. 4
 Component Video

 Component-video cables do not carry audio and

are often paired with audio cables.

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 Composite Video

 Color (chrominance) and intensity (luminance)

signals
are mixed into a single carrier wave.
 Chrominance is a composition of two color
components
(I and Q, or U and V).
 In NTSC TV, e.g., I and Q are combined into a
chroma
signal, and a color subcarrier is then employed to
put
the chroma signal at the high-frequency end of the
signal shared with the luminance signal. 6
 Composite Video

 When connecting to TVs or VCRs, composite video

uses
only one wire and video color signals are mixed,
not sent separately.
 Since color and intensity are wrapped into the
same
signal, some interference between the luminance
and
chrominance signals are inevitable.
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 S-Video - 2 Signal

 As a compromise, (separated video, or Super-

video)
uses two wires, one for luminance and another for
a composite chrominance signal.
 As a result, there is less crosstalk between the
color
information and the crucial gray-scale information.

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 5.2 Analog Video

 An analog signal f(t) samples a time-varying image.

So-called progressive scanning traces through a
complete picture (a frame) row-wise for each time
interval.
 In analog TV, interlaced scanning is used.
 The odd-numbered lines are traced first, and then
the
even-numbered lines are traced.
This results in odd and even fields
- two fields make up one frame.

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 Analog Video

Fig. 5.1: Interlaced raster scan

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 Analog Video

 The odd lines (starting from 1) end up at the

middle of
a line at the end of the odd field, and the even
scan
starts at a half-way point.
 First the solid (odd) lines are traced, P to Q,
then R to S, etc., ending at T; then the even field
starts at U and ends at V.
 The jump from Q to R and so on is called the
horizontal retrace, during which the electronic
beam
in the CRT is blanked. 11
Fig. 5.2: Interlaced scan produces two fields for each frame.
(a) The video frame, (b) Field 1, (c) Field 2, (d) Difference of fields
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 Analog Video Scanning
Systems
 These are two different types of scanning systems.

 They differ in the technique used to "paint" the

picture

on the screen.
 Television signals and compatible displays are
typically

interlaced, and computer signals and compatible

displays

are progressive (non-interlaced). 13

 Analog Video Scanning
Systems
You have probably heard of the resolution

standards 480i, 480p, 720p, 1080i and 1080p. The “i”

and “p” after the number stands for “interlaced” and

“progressive”

respectively.

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 A. Progressive Scanning

A progressive, or non-interlaced, picture is

painted on the screen by scanning all of the
horizontal lines of

the picture in one pass from the top to the

bottom.

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 B. Interlaced Scanning

 In TV, and some monitors and multimedia standards

as
well, another system, called “interlaced” scanning
is used.
 Interlaced scanning is where each picture,
referred
 to as a frame, is divided into two separate sub-
pictures, referred to as fields. Two fields make up a
frame.
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 Advantages of Interlaced
Scanning
Popularity
Interlaced scan was the most popular format in
which
broadcasters output their TV signals. This is due to
the
reduced bandwidth that interlaced scanning
requires.
Lower prices
The internal workings of televisions or other display
units using the interlaced scan method of image
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 Disadvantages of Interlaced
Scanning
Image artifacts
During high-motion videos, images rendered by interlaced
devices
are prone to distracting image artifacts. This is because each
frame of interlaced video comprises two segments
captured at different moments in time. If the recorded object –
for example, a fast-moving sports sequence, is moving fast
enough to be
in different positions when each segment is captured,
a “motion artifact” will result.
Blurring
To counter the problem of image artifacts, images produced on
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 Disadvantages of Interlaced
Scanning
Blurring

Figure 1: Ghosting and Blurring of Figure 2: TECHSPEC® Man’s

TECHSPEC® Man's High-Speed High-Speed Movement Using
Movement Using an Interlaced a Progressive Scanning Sensor
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 Disadvantages of Interlaced
Scanning
 Flickering
On larger screens particularly, an irritating
flickering
effect can sometimes become apparent. This
flickering is also called “interline twitter” and is
caused by the image
on the screen containing vertical detail that
approaches
the horizontal resolution of the video format.
Whenever you have seen a TV presenter’s striped
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Disadvantages of Interlaced
Scanning

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 Advantages of Progressive
Scanning
No image artefacts
None of the image artefacts associated with
interlaced images are apparent in systems using
progressive scan technology, because the lines on
the screen are displayed sequentially, not at two
different times.

No blurring
As a result of the lack of image artefacts, no
intentional blurring is necessary in progressive scan
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 Disadvantages of Progressive
Scanning
Higher bandwidth
As an image using a progressive scan requires a higher
bandwidth than an interlaced image of the same size,
broadcasters using analog signals hardly ever use
progressive scan images.
Processing power
Progressive scanning requires stronger technology and
more processing power, especially for videos with high
resolutions or frame rates.
Compatibility
Older devices and some wireless networks may not
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 Analog Video TV Standards

 Broadcast standards, are ways of encoding video

information for broadcast to television receivers.

 These standards are also used to describe the

display capabilities of video monitors and are

thus also called video output formats (VOFs).

 They are encoding or formatting standards for

the transmission and reception of television

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signals.
 Analog Video TV Standards

 There are three main analog television systems

in use around the world:

 NTSC: in USA but replaced with ATSC Digital

Television Standard

 PAL, and SECAM: In Europe

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 A. NTSC
 NTSC: National Television Standards
Committee:
 United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan
 Defined a method for encoding information
into the electronic signal that ultimately created
a television picture.
 A single frame of video a 525 horizontal scan
lines
 NTSC follows the interlaced scanning
system, and each frame is
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
 B. PAL

 PAL: Phase Alternate Line

 United Kingdom, Western Europe, Australia,
South Africa, China, and South America.
 Screen resolution: 625 horizontal lines more
picture detail.
 Interlaced, each frame is divided into 2 fields,
312.5 lines/field
 Scan rate to 25 fps a More Flicker - Due to the
lower frame rate
 Field: 1/50 of a second to draw (50 Hz). 27
 C. SECAM
SECAM: Sequential Color and Memory
France, Eastern Europe, the former USSR.
Similar to PAL:
SECAM is a 625-line, 50 Hz system.
SECAM shares with PAL/625, the higher number of
scan lines than NTSC/525.
Scan rate to 25 fps a More Flicker - Due to the
lower frame rate
They differ slightly in their color-coding scheme

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Color TV Standards of the world

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Comparison of Analog TV Standards

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 5.3 Digital Video
Digital video is a type of digital recording system that works
by using a digital rather than an analog video signal.
There are many advantages of digital representation for
video:
Video can be stored on digital devices or in memory,
ready to

be processed (noise removal, cut and paste, etc.), and

integrated

to various multimedia applications;

Direct random access is possible, which makes nonlinear
video
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 Video Resolution Standards

o Standard Definition TV:

 Has a resolution of 720 x 576 pixels.

o High-Definition TV:

 HDTV comes in three flavors, 720p, 1080i, and

now 1080p; really there are 18 DTV formats, but
most TVs will use one of these three.
 Nearly all HD televisions have an aspect ratio of
16:9.

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 Video Resolution Standards
 The HDTV signal is digital resulting in crystal clear,
noise-free pictures and CD-quality sound.
 It has many viewer benefits like choosing between
interlaced or progressive scanning.
o Standard Definition TV (SDTV) ~ the current
NTSC TV or higher
o Enhanced Definition TV (EDTV) – 480 active lines
or higher
o High Definition TV (HDTV) – 720 active lines or
higher.
 So far, the popular choices are 720P (720 lines,
progressive, 30 fps) and 1080I (1,080 lines, interlaced,
30 fps or 60 fields per second).
 The latter provides slightly better picture quality but 33
 Video Resolution Standards
o Full HD: Also known as 1080i or 1080p, Full HD TVs have a
resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels, or 2.07 megapixels.
o Ultra HD: Also known as UHD, Ultra HD TVs have a
resolution of 3840 x 2160 pixels, or 8.3 megapixels.
o 4K TVs: Have a resolution of 4096 x 2160 pixels. However,
most 4K TVs sold today have a resolution of 3840 x 2160
pixels, which is the same as Ultra HD.
o 8K: 8K TVs have a resolution of 7680 x 4320 pixels, which is
more than 33 million pixels.
o HDTVs can also be categorized by their display technology,
such as plasma, LCD, LED, OLED, or QLED. Most TVs sold
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today are LED-lit LCD TVs, also known as LED TVs.
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