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Gravitation

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15 views20 pages

Gravitation

this is the best

Uploaded by

ujwaldanu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GRAVITATION

Understanding The Force That Governs The


Universe
Name : Yatin
Danu
Class : 11 ‘A’
Adm no. 9216
Introduction To
Gravity
 Gravity or gravitation is a natural
phenomenon by which all things with
energy are brought toward (or
gravitate toward) one another,
including stars, planets, galaxies, and
even light and sub-atomic particles.

We could not live on Earth without


it. The sun's gravity keeps Earth in
orbit around it, keeping us at a
comfortable distance to enjoy the
sun's light and warmth. It holds down
our atmosphere and the air we need
to breathe. Gravity is what holds our
world together.
Historical Background
Indian Mathematician / Astronomer
Brahmagupta described gravity as an
attractive force . And termed it as
‘GURTVAKARSHAN’ .
Later ,
Newton theorized the same force that caused
an apple to fall from a tree was also the force
that kept the moon in place. Over several
years, Newton worked until he had developed
the law of universal gravitation, which
debuted in his book Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy (1869).
Newton’s Law of
Universal Gravitation
The universal law of gravitation
states that any two bodies in the
universe attract each other with a
force that is directly proportional to
the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them.

𝐹 =𝐺𝑚 1 𝑚2
2
𝑟
Gravitation Constant
(G)

The Universal Gravitation Constant is


Denoted by

G = 6.673 x 10-11 N m2/kg2

The gravitational constant is the key to


measuring the mass of everything in the
universe. For example, once the
gravitational constant is known, then
coupled with the acceleration due to
gravity on Earth, the mass of our planet
can be calculated.
Gravitational Force
Between Two Objects
It's an attractive force that exists
between any two objects with
mass. Every object with mass, like
Earth or a lamp, has a gravitational
pull. The strength of this pull
depends on the mass of the objects
and the distance between them.
Even the moon feels Earth's gravity,
which is why it orbits .
Gravitational Force Between Earth and
Moon To compute this force, we put their
masses and the separation between their
two centres into the gravitational force
formula. Then, the gravitational force
between the earth and the moon was
found to be 2 × 1020 N.
Gravitational Field
A gravitational field is the force field
that exists in the space around every
mass or group of masses. This field
extends out in all directions, but the
magnitude of the gravitational force
decreases as the distance from the
object increases.
It consists of an imaginary integral
curve which is tangent to the field
vector at each point along its
length. A diagram showing a
representative set of neighboring
field lines is a common way of
depicting a vector field in scientific
and mathematical literature; this is
called a field line diagram.
Acceleration Due to
Gravity (g)
The value of g on the Earth
is g=9.8m/s2. Hope you got to know
the value of g on the Earth along
with acceleration due to the gravity
formula, definition, calculation, SI
units and table of the value of g for
planets in the solar system.
Variation in g as a result of the
Earth's Shape According to the
formula, the acceleration due to
gravity is inversely equal to the
square of the Earth's radius. At the
equator, the Earth's radius is
greater; at the equator, g is smaller.
In the case of poles.
Freefall and Weightlessness
During free fall , the body experiences
weightlessness, As During free fall, the
only force acting on the body is the
force due to gravity which is acting
downwards. As there is no normal force
acting upward, it feels weightlessness.
Astronauts merely feel weightless in
International space station
because there is no external contact
force pushing or pulling upon their
body. They are in a state of free fall.
The normal force does not comes into
play giving the feeling of being
weightless.
Gravitational Potential
Energy
Gravitational potential energy
is energy an object possesses
because of its position in a
gravitational field. The most
common use of gravitational
potential energy is for an object
near the surface of the Earth
where the gravitational
acceleration can be assumed to
be constant at about 9.8 m/s.

𝑈=𝑚𝑔h
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary
Motion
1) Planets move in elliptical orbits
with the Sun as a focus.
2) A planet covers the same area of
space in the same amount of
time no matter where it is in its
orbit.
3) A planet's orbital period is
proportional to the size of its
orbit (its semi-major axis).
Gravitation and Orbits
An elliptical orbit is officially defined as
an orbit with an eccentricity less than
1. Circular orbits have an eccentricity of
0, and parabolic orbits have an
eccentricity of 1. So circular orbits
technically ARE elliptical. But parabolic
orbits are NOT elliptical.
A satellite is a body that fulfills orbits
around a larger planet in the universe.
They can be human-made or natural.
The moon is a satellite around the
Earth, as is the International Space
Station. Satellite orbits are the patterns
used by the satellite to orbit a planet.
Tides and Gravitational
Effects
On Earth, the Moon's gravitational
pull causes the oceans to bulge out
on both the side closest to the Moon
and the side farthest from the Moon.
These bulges create high tides. The
low points are where low tides occur.
Spring or neap (high) tides occur
when Earth, the Moon, and the Sun
are aligned, and neap or (low) tides
occur when they form a right
triangle. Tidal forces can create
internal heating, changes in orbital
motion, and even destruction of
orbiting bodies.
Einstein’s Theory of
General Relativity
General relativity is a theory of
gravitation developed by Albert
Einstein between 1907 and 1915.
The theory of general relativity says
that the observed gravitational
effect between masses results from
their warping of spacetime.
In certain instances, the accelerating
masses generate the change in the
space-time curvature, which
propagates outwards with a velocity
of light following the wave-like
pattern. This phenomenon of
propagation is called Gravitational
waves.
Black Holes
A black hole is a cosmic body of
extremely intense gravity from which
even light cannot escape. Black holes
usually cannot be observed directly,
but they can be “observed” by the
effects of their enormous
gravitational fields on nearby matter.
The singularity constitutes the center
of a black hole, hidden by the object’s
“surface,” the event horizon. Inside
the event horizon, the escape velocity
exceeds the speed of light so that not
even rays of light can escape into
space.
Gravitational Lensing
Gravitational lensing occurs when a
massive celestial body — such as a
galaxy cluster — causes a sufficient
curvature of spacetime for the path of
light around it to be visibly bent, as if by
a lens. The body causing the light to
curve is accordingly called a
gravitational lens.
Smaller objects, like individual stars, can
also act as gravitational lenses when
they pass in front of more distant stars.
For a few days or weeks, light from the
more distant star temporarily appears
brighter because it is magnified by the
gravity of the closer object.
Gravitation in the
Universe
Gravity is what holds the planets in orbit
around the sun and what keeps the
moon in orbit around Earth. The
gravitational pull of the moon pulls the
seas towards it, causing the ocean tides.
Gravity creates stars and planets by
pulling together the material from which
they are made.
Gravity is the long-range force that can
pull entities with mass together over
great distances to form galaxies, stars
and planetary material. These objects
are all the consequence of atoms and
ions being first clustered into huge
clouds of gas.
Everything scientists can observe in the
universe, from people to planets, is
made of matter. Matter is defined as any
substance that has mass and occupies
Applications of
Gravitation
Gravity can pull the GPS satellites slightly
out of orbit. Parts of Earth's atmosphere
sometimes distort the satellite radio
signals. Trees, buildings, and other
structures can also block the radio waves.
GPS control and monitoring stations
around the world track the satellites and
constantly monitor their signals.
Gravity is an important tool in space
flight, especially in the form of planning
flight paths for missions. Using a concept
called gravity assist, the trajectory and
speed of a spacecraft can be changed by
encountering large bodies, such as
planets, in space.
Recent Discoveries and
Research
Strong evidence for the
discovery of a gravitational
wave background. In
2023, pulsar timing arrays
announced what could become
the first ever discovery of a
stochastic gravitational wave
background: the random
superposition of gravitational
waves permeating the cosmos
— a vestige of cosmic
processes in the Universe.
Conclusion

This shows us that how the Universe works with


Gravitation and without Gravitation everything would
have not been like it is now.
The new researches and theories are the best things
which defines the physics.
All the celestial bodies which exists in this universe are
held together because of the universal gravitation.

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