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PdfD1L7 Digestion System Part 4

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7 views

PdfD1L7 Digestion System Part 4

Uploaded by

yashaswinipanchal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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D1a: Digestion

Absorption and Egestion

I Can…
➢ Identify the principal structures of the digestive system
(mouth, esophagus, stomach, sphincters, small and large
intestines, liver, pancreas, gall bladder)
➢ Describe the processing of matter through the digestive
system into the circulatory system
Catalyst:

○ What are the functions of the large


intestine?
4 Main Components to Digestion

○ Ingestion – taking in of nutrients​


○ Digestion – breaking down of organic
molecules into smaller complexes​
○ Absorption – transport of digested
nutrients to the tissues of the body​
○ Egestion – removal of materials from
the food that the body cannot digest.
Digestive System
Breakdown Review
Two main divisions of the digestive system exist:

1)Accessory Organs (those which aid in digestion)


● salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

2)Digestive Tract/Alimentary Canal (those which


move food through the body)
● mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, rectum,
anus
REVIEW Movement of food through the
digestive tract
Food enters the digestive tract through the mouth.

It is then passed down the esophagus into the


stomach.

From there, the food enters the small intestine.

After it is processed by the small intestine, food is


then passed into the large intestine.

Next, it enters the rectum where it is held until it is


excreted.

What remains of the food we have eaten exits the


body through the anus.

Each component of the digestive system plays a specific role in the breakdown of food and
absorption of nutrients...
REVIEW Nutrient Absorption in
the
Stomach
● The stomach does absorb a small amount of
water and salts into your bloodstream

● It also absorbs alcohol and aspirin (This is why


alcohol tends to reach your bloodstream relatively
quickly.
● It also explains why, if you drink too much
alcohol or take too much aspirin, it can lead to
an upset stomach)
REVIEW The Pancreas
Digestive Enzymes
The pancreas delivers a fluid containing multiple
enzymes to the small intestine, including...

Trypsin & chymotrypsin


● digest proteins into amino acids

Pancreatic amylase
● digests starch into disaccharides

Lipase
● digests lipids into fatty acids
Digesting and Absorbing Nutrients
The Small Intestine
The main function of the small intestine is to complete the digestion
of macromolecules (carbs, proteins & lipids) and to absorb the
resulting nutrients. The majority of digestion and absorption (90%)
takes place here.
The combination of hormones and the presence of certain foods leads to the
secretion of:

• pancreatic enzymes (lipase, trypsin& chymotrypsin, pancreatic


amylase, peptidase)
• bile
• intestinal enzymes (maltase, lactase, sucrose, enterokinase,
peptidases)

All of which are active in the slightly basic pH of the duodenum


Once nutrients are fully digested/broken down into
monomers, they can be absorbed into the
bloodstream…
The villi of the small intestine:

• Increase surface area


• Move electrolytes by diffusion
• Move water by osmosis

• Transport proteins on the epithelial cells


move amino acids, glucose, water soluble
vitamins, etc.
• by facilitated diffusion and
• active transport into the capillary
system,
then on to the liver immediately for
Absorption of Glucose

Starch digestion starts in mouth with salivary


amylase.
In the stomach, hydrochloric acid (acidic pH)
denatures the salivary amylase so starch digestion
is stopped.
Pancreatic amylase completes the digestion of
starch to disaccharides.
Other carbohydrases hydrolyze the disaccharides
into monosaccharides such as glucose.
Absorption of Glucose

Monosaccharides are absorbed by


active transport (requires ATP) into
the intestinal villi.

From the cells of the intestinal lining,


the monosaccharides enter the
bloodstream and are transported
directly to the liver.

Monosaccharides OTHER than


glucose are converted into glucose by
the liver.

Glucose is circulated from the liver


by the bloodstream to all the body
cells where it is used as a source of
Absorption of Glucose
Sucrase or
Maltase or
Lactase

Pancreati
c
Amylase
Absorption of Amino Acids

Protein digestion starts in the stomach with Pepsin.


Pepsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides.
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin (proteases) get
secreted into the small intestine by the pancreas.
Active forms of Trypsin and Chymotrypsin
hydrolyze the peptide bonds between specific amino
acids making short peptide chains
Peptidases split short peptide chains into single
amino acids
Absorption of Amino Acids

The amino acids are then absorbed by active


transport into the villi of the small intestine.

From there, the amino acids diffuse into the blood


capillaries and are carried, like the sugars, directly
to the liver.
Absorption of Amino Acids
Pepsin (Stomach)
Protein ->Polypeptide
Peptidase
chain
s

Trypsin and
Chymotrypsin
Polypeptide ->Short
Peptide
Absorption of Lipids

The arrival of fats in the duodenum


stimulates the secretion of bile
(produced by the liver & stored in the
gallbladder)

Bile emulsifies the fat droplets into a


fine suspension.
Which helps lipases (secreted by the
pancreas) break down fats through
hydrolysis

The resulting glycerol and fatty acids are


absorbed into the cells of the villi by
Absorption of Lipids

In the epithelial cells, the fat subunits (fatty acids


and glycerol) are reassembled into triglycerides
And then coated with proteins to make them
soluble (since they are hydrophobic) before they
enter the lacteals (lymph vessels) in the villi.
The lymph vessels carry the coated
triglycerides to the chest region, where they join
the bloodstream.
Once in the bloodstream, the protein coating is
removed by lipase in the lining of the blood
vessels.
Lipase hydrolyzes the triglycerides, making free
fatty acids and glycerol available for use by the
Absorption of Lipids

Lipase
Completion of Nutrient
Absorption:
The Large Intestine/The Colon
The large intestine stores water by:

Lumen Capillaries
Pumping Na+ ions OUT of the
lumen into capillaries
v

This draws water out of the lumen


via osmosis (water follows) v
Task and Exit Ticket
○Finish Digestion Project

○What are three things that you


have learned and one thing
you want to learn more about
next class?

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