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Cancer

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Tinatın Tsıntsadze
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5 views

Cancer

Uploaded by

Tinatın Tsıntsadze
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cancer

Presenter_Tinatin Tsintsadze
Faculty of Medicine.
Course_ II
What is cancer?

•Cancer is a disease in which some of


the body’s cells grow uncontrollably
and spread to other parts of the body.
•Cancer can start almost anywhere in
the human body, which is made up of
trillions of cells.
•These cells may form tumors, which
are lumps of tissue. Tumors can be
cancerous or not cancerous
Cancerous and not cancerous tumor

•Cancerous tumors spread into, or


invade, nearby tissues and can travel to
distant places in the body to form new
tumors (a process called metastasis).
Cancerous tumors may also be called
malignant tumors. Many cancers form
solid tumors, but cancers of the blood,
such as leukemias, generally do not.
•Non cancerous tumors do not spread
into, or invade, nearby tissues. Benign
tumors can sometimes be quite large,
however. Some can cause serious
symptoms or be life threatening, such as
benign tumors in the brain.
Differences between Cancer Cells and Normal Cells

Normal body cells have a number of important features. They can:


•reproduce when and where they need to
•stick together in the right place in the body
•self destruct when they become damaged or too old
•become specialised (mature). This means they have a specific role to perform for example as a
muscle cell or red blood cell.

Cancer cells are different to normal cells in various ways.


• Cancer cells don't stop growing and dividing
Unlike normal cells, cancer cells don't stop growing and dividing when
there are enough of them. So the cells keep doubling, forming a lump
(tumour) that grows in size.
Cancer cells don't stick together
• Cancer cells can lose the molecules on their surface that keep normal
cells in the right place. So they can break away from their
neighbours. This helps to explain how cancer cells can spread to
other parts of the body.
• Cancer cells don't repair themselves or die
• Cancer cells don't specialise
Types of Cancer
There are more than 100 types of cancer. Types of cancer are usually named for the organs
or tissues where the cancers form. For example, lung cancer starts in the lung, and brain
cancer starts in the brain.

Carcinoma
Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer. They are formed by epithelial cells, which are
the cells that cover the inside and outside surfaces of the body. There are many types of epithelial
cells, which often have a column-like shape when viewed under a microscope.
Carcinomas that begin in different epithelial cell types have specific names:
Adenocarcinoma is a cancer that forms in epithelial cells that produce fluids or mucus. Tissues
with this type of epithelial cell are sometimes called glandular tissues.
Basal cell carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the lower or basal (base) layer of the epidermis,
which is a person’s outer layer of skin.
Sarcoma
Sarcomas are cancers that form in bone and soft tissues, including
muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and fibrous tissue (such
as tendons and ligaments).

Leukemia
Cancers that begin in the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow are called
leukemias. These cancers do not form solid tumors. Instead, large numbers of
abnormal white blood cells (leukemia cells and leukemic blast cells) build up in the
blood and bone marrow, crowding out normal blood cells. The low level of normal
blood cells can make it harder for the body to get oxygen to its tissues, control
bleeding, or fight infections.
Lymphoma
Lymphoma is cancer that begins in lymphocytes (T cells or B cells). These are disease-fighting white
blood cells that are part of the immune system

There are two main types of lymphoma:


• Hodgkin lymphoma – People with this disease have abnormal lymphocytes that are called Reed-
Sternberg cells. These cells usually form from B cells.
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – This is a large group of cancers that start in lymphocytes. The cancers
can grow quickly or slowly and can form from B cells or T cells.
•What are the symptoms of cancer?

•Symptoms of cancer vary from person to


person. They depend on what type of cancer you
have and how advanced it is.
•General cancer symptoms may include:
•Fever that occurs mostly at night.
•Loss of appetite.
•Night sweats.
•Persistent pain.
•Skin changes, particularly moles that change
shape and size or new moles.
•Unexplained weight loss.
•In some cases, cancer may
cause organ-specific additional
symptoms. This may include:

•Blood in your pee or stool.


•Change in the shape, color or
size of skin mole.
•Coughing up blood.
•New lumps or bumps.
How is cancer treated?

Healthcare providers may use several different treatments,


sometimes combining treatments based on your situation.
Common cancer treatments include:

•Surgery: Can remove cancerous tumors that haven’t


spread.
•Chemotherapy: Destroys cancer cells with powerful drugs
in pill form or intravenously (through a needle into a vein).
•Radiation therapy: Kills cancer cells with high dosages of
radiation.
•Immunotherapy: Engages your immune system to fight
the disease.
•Targeted therapy: Targets the genetic mutations
(changes) that turn healthy cells into cancer cells.
•Hormone therapy: Blocks cancer-causing hormones. For
example, people assigned male at birth who have prostate
cancer might receive hormones to lower testosterone, which
Sources:
Cancer research UK_https://www.cancerresearchuk.org
Cleveland clinic_https://my.clevelandclinic.org
Med park hospital_https://www.medparkhospital.com

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