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Learning & Conditioning III1

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2 views

Learning & Conditioning III1

Uploaded by

kwazayooyena2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learning & Conditioning

III
Jenny Pan
You can find me at [email protected]

Room G9, Ground Level, Beattie Building

Upper Campus

2
Lecture Outline

﹡ Classical conditioning
○ Recap
○ Little Albert
○ Conditioned Emotional Responses
○ Why classical conditioning works

﹡ Classical conditioning in everyday life


○ Phobias
○ Vicarious Learning
○ Advertising
○ Aversions
3
Classical Conditioning Recap…

Important Terminology Definition

Unconditioned Stimulus Naturally occurring stimulus leading to involuntary


(US) response
Involuntary response to US; an unlearned, naturally
Unconditioned
occurring or involuntary physiological reflex that is
Response (UR)
elicited by the US

Neutral Stimulus (NS) Stimulus that doesn’t elicit a particular response

Conditioned Stimulus NS that becomes able to produce learned reflex


(CS) response through pairing with original US
Conditioned Response
Learned reflex response to a CS
(CR)

4
Little Albert
& the Rat
﹡ Little Albert playing with a white rat
○ While playing with the rat, Watson makes a loud
noise
○ Little Albert responds with a fright
○ The rat becomes the CS which elicits a CR of fright

6
US UR
Noise Fright

NS US UR
White rat Noise Fright
Acquisition

CS CR
White rat Fright

7
﹡ Through Watson’s experiments, he proved that:
○ We can condition an organism to show a fearful,
anxious and avoidant response
○ Emotional responses such as fear and anxiety can
be produced by classical conditioning – they are
therefore not necessarily the product of deeper
unconscious process or early life experiences
○ Conditioning can be applied to humans as well as
to animals

8
﹡ Stimulus generalisation
○ Child responds with fright to all things similar to a
rat
■ e.g., white rabbit, fur blanket

9
Conditioned Emotional
Response
Conditioned Emotional
Response
﹡ An emotional response that has become
classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli

﹡ Feeling some + or - emotion when experiencing


a stimulus that was initially accompanied by
pleasant or painful event

11
Example 1
UR
US
Frightene
Bite
d

UR
NS US
Frightene
Dog Bite
Acquisition
d

CS CR

Dog Frightened
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Example 2
UR
UC
Racing
Kiss
heart

NS
Sight of US UR
attractive Kiss Racing heart
person Acquisition

CS
CR
Sight of attractive
Racing hear
person

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Why Does Classical
Conditioning Work?
﹡ Stimulus substitution
○ The CS became a substitute for the US by being
paired close together

﹡ Cognitive Perspective
○ The CS provides information or an expectancy
about the coming of the US

14
Classical Conditioning in
Every Day
Vicarious Classical Conditioning

﹡ Learning to respond emotionally to a stimulus by


observing another person’s emotional reactions
to the stimulus

﹡ Conditioned emotional responses can have


survival value
○ We learn to fear and avoid stimuli that signal
dangerous situations

16
Advertising
US UR
Attractive Positive
Celebrity feelings

US UR
NS
Attractive Positive
Product
celebrity feelings

CR
CS
Positive
Product
feelings
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Aversions
﹡ Aversive learning
○ Associating particular sensory cue with becoming sick and
avoiding that particular sensory cue in future

﹡ Conditioned taste aversion


○ Development of nausea/aversive response to particular
taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction
○ Classical conditioning can occur quickly without many
pairings

18
﹡ Biological preparedness
○ Tendency of animals to learn certain associations
with only one/few pairings due to the survival
value of the learning

19
Thank you

20

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