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1. Introduction

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Md.Nazmul Abdal Shourov
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4 views23 pages

1. Introduction

Uploaded by

Md.Nazmul Abdal Shourov
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

Md. Nazmul Abdal


Lecturer
Department of CSE
University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh
(ULAB)
Microprocessor
■ Microprocessor is an electronic circuit that functions as the central
processing unit (CPU) of a computer, providing computational
control.

■ The Microprocessor is the brain of the computer.

■ A microprocessor is a component that implements memory.

■ Microprocessor is the core of the system.

■ Microprocessor is the controlling unit or CPU of a micro-computer,


fabricated on a very small chip capable of performing ALU operations
and communicating with the external devices connected to it.

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Example

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Evolution

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Functions of Microprocessor
■ Controlling all other parts of the machine and sending
timing signals.
■ Transferring data between memory and I/O devices
■ Fetching data and instructions from memory
■ Decoding instruction
■ Performing arithmetical and logical operations
■ Executing programs stored in memory
■ Performing communication among the I/O devices etc.

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Reasons Behind Microprocessor
Technology
■ Speed
– Graphics, Numerical Analysis, CAD, and Signal Processing
applications
■ Convenience
– Large memory, smaller size, and lower weight
■ Power Dissipation
– Portable computers and wireless services
■ Reliability
– Noise tolerance in adverse environments and temperatures
■ Cost
– Get more done for the money
Block Diagram

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Architecture

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Microprocessor
Size
■ 16 bit Microprocessor means ALU can handle 16
bit data
■ 32 bit Microprocessor can handle upto 32 bit
data. But it also can handle multiple ALU for
parallel processing.

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Types of Microprocessors Based on
Registers
■ General purpose register based microprocessor: A general purpose register
based microprocessor has one or more general purpose registers where
general purpose register excludes special purpose registers.

■ Accumulator based microprocessor: An accumulator based


microprocessor is an architecture that only has one general purpose
register which is the accumulator.

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General Purpose Register based
Microprocessor
■ The advantages of General register based CPU organization:

– Efficiency of CPU increases as there are large number of


registers are used in this organization.
– Less memory space is used to store the program since the
instructions are written in compact way.

■ The disadvantages of General register based CPU organization:

– Care should be taken to avoid unnecessary usage of registers.


Thus, compilers need to be more intelligent in this aspect.

– Since large number of registers are used, thus extra cost is


required in this organization.
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Accumulator-Based Microprocessor
■ The computers, present in the early days of computer history, had
accumulator based CPUs. In this type of CPU organization, the accumulator
register is used implicitly for processing all instructions of a program and
store the results into the accumulator. The instruction format that is used by
this CPU Organization is One address field. Due to this the CPU is known as
One Address Machine.

■ The main points about Single Accumulator based CPU Organization are:

- In this CPU Organization, the first ALU operand is always stored into the
Accumulator and the second operand is present either in Registers or in
the Memory.
- Accumulator is the default address thus after data manipulation the
results are stored into the accumulator.
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- One address instruction is used in this type of organization.
Microcontroller
■ A microcontroller is basically a computer on a chip.

■ A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a


specific operation in an embedded system.

■ A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input-


output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip.

■ Difference between a desktop and microcontroller is that a


microcontroller is an application specific computer that usually runs a
single program performing dedicated tasks while a desktop or laptop
is general purpose computer that can run numerous programs
depending on user needs.

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Applications of Microcontroller
■ Light sensing & controlling devices
■ Temperature sensing and controlling devices
■ Fire detection & safety devices

Application of Microcontroller in Industrial Control


Devices:
■ Industrial instrumentation devices
■ Process control devices
Application of Microcontroller in Metering & Measurement
Devices:
■ Volt Meter
■ Measuring revolving objects
■ Current meter
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■ 4
Microprocessors vs
Microcontrollers

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5
Microprocess
or vs
Microcontroll
er

1
6
Embedded Systems
▪ The basic idea of an embedded system is a simple one. If we take any
engineering product that needs control, and if a computer is incorporated
within that product to undertake the control, then we have an embedded
system.

▪ Embedded systems are computer based systems that do not appear to be


computers. Their complexity is hidden from the user. Most people, after all,
recognize computers by their screen, keyboard, disc drives and so on. This
embedded computer would have none of those.

▪ An embedded system is an electronic system that uses a CPU chip but that is
not general purpose work station. It uses microcontroller or microprocessor or
custom design chip.
Embedded Systems
Characteristics
▪ Single Functioned:
▪ Executes a single program repeatedly.
▪ Tightly Constrained:
▪ Low cost, low power, small, fast and so on.
▪ Reactive:
▪ Continually reacts to changes in the system’s environment.
▪ Real Time Operation:
▪ Must compute certain results in real time, without delay.
Embedded Systems
Example
▪ Embedded systems are everywhere, appearing in the home, office, factory, car or
hospital.
Home Office and Motor Car
Commerce
Washing machine Photocopier Door mechanism

Answering machines Printer Engine control

Microwave Scanner Brakes


Central heating Fax machine In-car
controller entertainment
Sewing machines Security systems Air bag
Embedded Systems Block
Diagram
Vending
Machine
Types of Peripheral Devices
Computer Peripheral: A computer peripheral is a device that is
connected to a computer but is not part of the core computer architecture.
The core elements of a computer are the central processing unit, power
supply, motherboard and the computer case that contains all components.

Peripheral Devices:

• Input devices, such as a mouse and a keyboard etc.


• Output devices, such as a monitor and a printer etc.
• Storage devices, such as a hard drive or flash drive etc.

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THANK YOU

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