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Types of Mutations

Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that can occur in somatic cells or gametes, with potential effects ranging from neutral to harmful or beneficial. They can be caused by environmental factors like chemicals and UV radiation, and many are repaired by enzymes. There are various types of mutations, including chromosome mutations (deletion, inversion, translocation, nondisjunction, duplication) and gene mutations (point mutations, substitutions, insertions, deletions, frameshift).

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Sandesh Bhosale
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9 views

Types of Mutations

Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that can occur in somatic cells or gametes, with potential effects ranging from neutral to harmful or beneficial. They can be caused by environmental factors like chemicals and UV radiation, and many are repaired by enzymes. There are various types of mutations, including chromosome mutations (deletion, inversion, translocation, nondisjunction, duplication) and gene mutations (point mutations, substitutions, insertions, deletions, frameshift).

Uploaded by

Sandesh Bhosale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mutatio

ns
What Are Mutations?

• Changes in the
nucleotide sequence
of DNA
• May occur in somatic
cells (aren’t passed to
offspring)
• May occur in gametes
(eggs & sperm) and
be passed to offspring
Are Mutations Helpful or
Harmful?
• Mutations happen
regularly
• Almost all mutations
are neutral
• Chemicals & UV
radiation cause
mutations
• Many mutations are
repaired by enzymes
Are Mutations Helpful or
Harmful?

• Some type of skin


cancers and
leukemia result from
somatic mutations
• Some mutations
may improve an
organism’s survival
(beneficial)
Types of
Mutations
Chromosome
Mutations
• May Involve:
– Changing
the
structure of
a
chromosome
– The loss or
gain of part
of a
chromosome
Chromosome
Mutations
• Five types exist:
– Deletion
– Inversion
– Translocation
– Nondisjunctio
n
– Duplication
Deletion
• Due to breakage
• A piece of a
chromosome is lost
Inversion

• Chromosome segment
breaks off
• Segment flips around
backwards
• Segment reattaches
Duplication
• Occurs when a
gene sequence
is repeated
Translocation
• Involves two
chromosomes that
aren’t homologous
• Part of one
chromosome is
transferred to
another
chromosomes
Translocation
Nondisjunction
• Failure of
chromosomes to
separate during
meiosis
• Causes gamete to
have too many or
too few
chromosomes
Chromosome
Mutation Animation
Gene Mutations
• Change in the
nucleotide
sequence of a gene
• May only involve a
single nucleotide
• May be due to
copying errors,
chemicals, viruses,
etc.
Types of Gene
Mutations
• Include:
– Point Mutations
– Substitutions
– Insertions
– Deletions
– Frameshift
Point Mutation

• Change of a single
nucleotide
• Includes the
deletion, insertion,
or substitution of
ONE nucleotide in a
gene
Point Mutation

• Sickle Cell
disease is the
result of one
nucleotide
substitution
• Occurs in the
hemoglobin
gene
Frameshift
Mutation
• Inserting or
deleting one or more
nucleotides
• Changes the
“reading frame” like
changing a sentence
• Proteins built
incorrectly
Frameshift
Mutation
• Original:
– The fat cat ate the
wee rat.
• Frame Shift (“a”
added):
– The fat caa tet hew
eer at.
Amino Acid
Sequence Changed
Gene Mutation
Animation

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