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Chapter-3

The document discusses sampling procedures and data collection methods in research, distinguishing between population and sample, and outlining various non-probability and probability sampling techniques. It also describes different types of interviews (structured, semi-structured, unstructured) used for data gathering, and emphasizes the importance of theming in qualitative data analysis. Additionally, it addresses the reliability and trustworthiness of qualitative research findings through criteria such as credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.

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4 views

Chapter-3

The document discusses sampling procedures and data collection methods in research, distinguishing between population and sample, and outlining various non-probability and probability sampling techniques. It also describes different types of interviews (structured, semi-structured, unstructured) used for data gathering, and emphasizes the importance of theming in qualitative data analysis. Additionally, it addresses the reliability and trustworthiness of qualitative research findings through criteria such as credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.

Uploaded by

saiyamiiieue
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling

Procedure
and Sample
to the totality of
objects, elements,
person and
characteristics
under a given
condition. In other
words, population
refers to the entire
group that you want
to draw conclusions
about.
On the other hand, sample
is the specific group that you
will collect data from which
also refers as the subset in a
population.
Sampling in contrary is
the process of technique of
choosing a sample from a
population to participate in the
study.
Non-probability Sampling
procedures that are commonly used in
qualitative research:
A. Convenience Sampling
Convenience sampling is defined as a
method adopted by researchers where data
is collected from a conveniently available
pool of respondents. It is the most
commonly used sampling technique as it’s
incredibly prompt, uncomplicated, and
economical. In many cases, members are
readily approachable to be a part of the
sample.
B. Quota Sampling
Quota sampling is defined as a non-
probability sampling method in which
researchers create a sample involving
individuals that represent a population.
Researchers choose these individuals
according to specific traits or qualities.
These samples can be generalized to
the entire population. The final subset
will be decided only according to the
interviewer’s or researcher’s knowledge
of the population.
C. Snowball Sampling
Snowball sampling or chain-
referral sampling is defined as a
nonprobability sampling technique
in which the samples have traits
that are rare to find. This is a
sampling technique, in which
existing subjects provide referrals
to recruit samples required for a
research study.
D. Cluster Sampling
Cluster Sampling is a probability
sampling method in which you divide
a population into clusters, such as
districts or schools, and then randomly
select some of these clusters as your
sample. The clusters should ideally
each be mini-representations of the
population as a whole.
E. Voluntary sampling- no need to
undergo selection process since the
subject of your research volunteers
himself/herself to undergo the study
.
F. Purposive sampling – selecting
your participant with rich experience or
interest in your study.
G. Availability sampling- willingness
of the people to take part in your study.
The
Instrument
Interview
The research interview has been defined as
‘a two-person conversation initiated by the
interviewer for the specific purpose of
obtaining research-relevant information and
content specified by research objectives of
systematic description, prediction, or
explanation. It involves the gathering of data
through direct verbal interaction between
individuals. It is questioning in the verbal
form.
There are three main
kinds of interview
that may be used
specifically as
research tools:
1)Structured Interview.
The structured interview is one in which the
content and procedures are organized in
advance. This means that the sequence and
wording of the questions are determined by
means of a schedule and the interviewer is
left little freedom to make modifications. The
interviewer asks a predetermined set of
questions which are arranged in
chronological order. The interviewee answers
each question from a list of options.
Field Day Evaluation
Location: ______________________ Date:
_________________________
1) Number of people who stopped and looked at exhibit (make a mark for each)
_________________________________
2) Number of people who asked a question to agent supervising exhibit _____________
3) Number of people who took brochures _______________
4) Number of people who actively used the interactive materials ____________ 5) Did people seen to
struggle to see the exhibit?
yes no
6) Were staff always available?
yes no
7) Comments made or questions asked: ___________________________________
2)Semi-structured Interview.
Here, the interviewer asks a
predetermined set of questions.
There is no list of options. The
interviewee can answer the
questions in his/her own words.
Follow-up questions can be asked
by the interviewer for
clarifications.
Father-Child Workshop
Location: ____________________
Date: ________________________
(Instructions to observe: Write down actions you see and comments you hear under the following headings:)
1. Disciplinary actions fathers have with the child.
____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2. Physical contacts fathers have with a child.
____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3. Ways in which fathers praise their children.
____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3)Unstructured Interview. The unstructured
interview is an open situation, having greater
flexibility and freedom. The research purposes
govern the questions asked, their content,
sequence and wording are entirely in the hands
of the interviewer. There is no predetermined set
of questions, no list of options, no specific
procedures. The interviewer asks questions on
the context of the study. The interviewee can
answer freely and spontaneously. The
interviewer can ask follow-up questions for
clarification and for more in-depth information.
Data
Collection
Procedure
Data Analysis
Theming

Theming refers to the drawing together of


codes from one or more transcripts o
present the findings of qualitative research
in a coherent and meaningful way. During
presentation of the research, themes will be
used as the heading and underneath will be
the codes, examples from the transcripts,
and the researcher’s own interpretation of
what the themes mean.
Implications to real life should also
be given. Approaches to theme
development are apriori approach
which means investigator’s prior
theoretical understanding of the
phenomenon under study and
inductive approach which involves
the identification of themes based
on data gathered.
arises about qualitative
research relates to the
reliability of the interpretation
and representation of
participants’ narratives. There
are no statistical tests than can
be used to check reliability and
validity as there are in
quantitative research.
However, according to Lincoln and Guba
suggests that there are other ways to
“establish confidence in the truth of
findings. They call this confidence
“trustworthiness”
These criteria are the following:

a.credibility -confidence in the truth of the


findings);
b.transferability -showing that findings
have applicability in another context;
c.dependability -showing that the
findings are consistent and could be
repeated;

d.confirmability- the extent to


which the findings of a study are
shaped by the respondents and not
the researcher bias, motivation, or
interest
thank you

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