Thomas’ Calculus: Early Transcendentals

Fifteenth Edition

Chapter 3
Derivatives

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Section 3.1 Tangent Lines and the
Derivative at a Point

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Finding a Tangent Line to the Graph of
a Function (1 of 9)

The slope of the tangent line at P is f  x0  h   f  x0 

lim .
h 0 h
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Finding a Tangent Line to the Graph of
a Function (2 of 9)
Definitions: The slope of the curve y  f  x 
at the point P  x0 , f  x0  is the number

f  x0  h   f  x0 
lim (provided the limit exists).
h 0 h

The tangent line to the curve at P is the line

through P with this slope.

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Finding a Tangent Line to the Graph of
a Function (3 of 9)
Example:
1
(a) Find the slope of the curve y  at any point
x
x a 0. What is the slope at the point x  1?
1
(b) Where does the slope equal  ?
4
(c) What happens to the tangent line to the curve at
 a, 1 
the point   as a changes?
 a

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Finding a Tangent Line to the Graph of
a Function (4 of 9)

The tangent line slopes, steep near the origin, become

more gradual as the point of tangency moves away.

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Finding a Tangent Line to the Graph of
a Function (5 of 9)
Solution:
1  a, 1 
(a) Here f  x   . The slope at   is
x  a
1 1
f a  h   f a  
a  h a 1 a  ( a  h)
lim lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h a ( a  h )

h 1 1
lim lim  2 .
h 0 ha ( a  h ) h 0 a ( a  h ) a

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Finding a Tangent Line to the Graph of
a Function (6 of 9)
Solution (continued):
Notice how we had to keep writing “lim h 0 ”
before each fraction until the stage at which we
could evaluate the limit by substituting h = 0. The
number a may be positive or negative, but not 0.
1
When a  1, the slope is  2  1.
 1

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Finding a Tangent Line to the Graph of
a Function (7 of 9)
Solution (continued):

1 1
The two tangent lines to y  having slope  .
x 4
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Finding a Tangent Line to the Graph of
a Function (8 of 9)
Solution (continued):
1 1
(b) The slope of y  at the point where x = a is  2
.
x a
1
It will be  provided that
4
1 1
 2  .
a 4
2
This equation is equivalent to a 4, so a 2 or a  2.
1  2, 1  and   2,  1  .
The curve has slope  at the two points    
4  2   2 

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Finding a Tangent Line to the Graph of
a Function (9 of 9)
Solution (concluded):
1
(c) The slope  2 is always negative if a 0. As
a
a  0 , the slope approaches   and the tangent
line becomes increasingly steep.

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Rates of Change: Derivative at a
Point (1 of 3)
Definition: The derivative of a function f at a
point

x0 , denoted f  x0 , is

f ( x0  h)  f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) lim
h 0 h

provided this limit exists.

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Rates of Change: Derivative at a
Point (2 of 3)
2
Example: A rock falls y 16t feet during the first t
sec, and we used a sequence of average rates
over increasingly short intervals to estimate the
rock’s speed at the instant t = 1. What was the
rock’s exact speed at this time?

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Rates of Change: Derivative at a
Point (3 of 3)
Solution: We let f t  16t 2 . The average speed of the
rock over the interval between t = 1 and t = 1 + h seconds, for
h > 0, was found to be

f (1  h)  f (1) 16(1  h) 2  16(1) 2 16( h 2  2h)

  16(h  2).
h h h
The rock’s speed at the instant t = 1 is then

f (1  h)  f (1)
f (1) lim lim16( h  2) 16(0  2) 32 ft/sec.
h 0 h h 0

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Summary
The following are all interpretations for the limit of the difference
quotient

f ( x0  h)  f ( x0 )
lim .
h 0 h
1. The slope of the graph of y  f  x  at x  x0
2. The slope of the tangent line to the curve

y  f  x  at x  x0
3. Rate of change of f  x  with respect to x at the x  x0

4. The derivative f  x0  at x  x0
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Section 3.2 The Derivative as a
Function

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The Derivative as a Function (1 of 3)
Definition: The derivative of the function f  x 
with respect to the variable x is the function f 
whose value at x is

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ( x) lim ,
h 0 h

provided the limit exists.

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The Derivative as a Function (2 of 3)

Derivative of f at x is
f x  h   f x 
f  x  lim
h 0 h
f z   f x 
lim
z x z x
Two forms for the difference quotient.
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The Derivative as a Function (3 of 3)
Alternative Formula for the Derivative

f ( z )  f ( x)
f ( x) lim
z x z x

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Calculating Derivatives from the
Definition (1 of 2)
x
Example: Differentiate f ( x)  .
x 1
Solution: We use the definition of derivative, which requires
us to calculate f  x  h  and then subtract f  x 
to obtain the numerator in the difference quotient. We
have

f x  
x
and f  x  h  
 x  h
, so
x 1 x  h  1
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ( x) lim
h 0 h
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Calculating Derivatives from the
Definition (2 of 2)
Solution (concluded):
xh x

lim x  h  1 x  1
h 0 h
1 ( x  h)( x  1)  x( x  h  1)
lim 
h 0 h ( x  h  1)( x  1)
1 h
lim 
h 0 h ( x  h  1)( x  1)

1 1
lim  2
.
h 0 ( x  h  1)( x  1) ( x  1)
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Notation (1 of 2)
Some common alternative notations for the derivative include
dy df d
f ( x)  y    f ( x ) D ( f )( x ) Dx f ( x ).
dx dx dx
d
The symbols and D indicate the operation of
dx
differentiation. We read
dy as “the derivative of
dx
df  d 
y with respect to x,” and and   f  x  as “the
dx  dx 
derivative of f with respect to x.” The “prime” notations
y and f  originate with Newton.
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Notation (2 of 2)
To indicate the value of a derivative at a specified
number x = a, we use the notation

dy df d
f (a )    f ( x) .
dx x a dx x a dx x a

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Graphing the Derivative (1 of 2)

We made the graph of y  f  x 

in (b) by plotting slopes from the
graph of y  f  x  in (a).
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Graphing the Derivative (2 of 2)
Example: Graph the derivative of the function
y  f  x  in the Figure.

Solution: We sketch the tangent lines to the graph

of f at frequent intervals and use their slopes to
estimate the values of f  x  at these points. We
plot the corresponding  x, f  x  pairs and connect
them with a smooth curve as sketched in the
Figure (b).

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Differentiable on an Interval; One-Sided
Derivatives (1 of 4)

Derivatives at endpoints of a closed interval are

one-sided limits.

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Differentiable on an Interval; One-Sided
Derivatives (2 of 4)
A function y  f  x  is differentiable on an open
interval (finite or infinite) if it has a derivative at
each point of the interval. It is differentiable on a
closed interval [a, b] if it is differentiable on the
interior (a, b) and if the limits
f ( a  h)  f ( a )
lim Right-hand derivative at a
h 0 h
f (b  h)  f (b)
lim Left-hand derivative at b
h 0 h
exist at the endpoints.
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Differentiable on an Interval; One-Sided
Derivatives (3 of 4)

The square root function is not differentiable at x  0,

where the graph of the function has a vertical tangent line.

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Differentiable on an Interval; One-Sided
Derivatives (4 of 4)
Example: We found that for x > 0,
d 1
x .
dx 2 x
We apply the definition to examine if the derivative exists at x
= 0:
0  h  10 1
lim  lim .
h 0 h h  0 h
Since the (right-hand) limit is not finite, there is no derivative
at x = 0. Since the slopes of the secant lines joining the
origin to the points h, h  on a graph of y  x approach
, the graph has a vertical tangent line at the origin.
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When Does a Function Not Have a
Derivative at a Point? (1 of 2)

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When Does a Function Not Have a
Derivative at a Point? (2 of 2)

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Differentiable Functions Are
Continuous (1 of 2)
Theorem—Differentiability Implies Continuity
If f has a derivative at
x c, then f is continuous at x c.

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Differentiable Functions Are
Continuous (2 of 2)
Caution: The converse of the Theorem is false.

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Section 3.3 Differentiation Rules

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Powers, Multiples, Sums, and
Differences (1 of 11)
Derivative of a Constant Function
If f has the constant value f  x  c, then

df d
 (c) 0.
dx dx

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Powers, Multiples, Sums, and
Differences (2 of 11)
Derivative of a Positive Integer Power
If n is a positive integer, then

d n n 1
x nx .
dx

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Powers, Multiples, Sums, and
Differences (3 of 11)
Power Rule (General Version)
If n is any real number, then

d n n 1
x nx ,
dx
for all x where the powers x n and x n 1 are defined.

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Powers, Multiples, Sums, and
Differences (4 of 11)
Example: Differentiate the following powers of x.
1  4/3
(a) x (b) x 2/3 (c) x
3 2
(d) x 4 (e) x (f) x 2

Solution:
d 3
(a)
dx
 
x 3 x 3 1
3 x 2

d 2/3 2 (2/3) 1 2  1/3

(b)
dx
 x  x
3
 x
3
d
 
2 1
(c) 2
x  2x
dx
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Powers, Multiples, Sums, and
Differences (5 of 11)
Solution (concluded):
d  1  d 4 4
 4    x   4 x
 4 1 5
(d)  4 x  5
dx  x  dx x

d  4/3 4  (4/3) 1 4  7/3

(e)
dx
 x   x
3
 x
3

(f)
d
dx
 x 2
 d 1( /2)    1( /2) 1 1
 x
dx
  1   x
 2
 (2   ) x
2

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Powers, Multiples, Sums, and
Differences (6 of 11)
Derivative Constant Multiple Rule
If u is a differentiable function of x, and c is a
constant, then

d du
(cu ) c .
dx dx

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Powers, Multiples, Sums, and
Differences (7 of 11)

The graphs of y  x 2 and y 3x 2 . Tripling the

y-coordinate triples the slope.
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Powers, Multiples, Sums, and
Differences (8 of 11)
Example:
(a) The derivative formula

d
(3 x 2 ) 3 2 x 6 x
dx
2
says that if we rescale the graph of y  x
by multiplying each y-coordinate by 3, then we
multiply the slope at each point by 3.

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Powers, Multiples, Sums, and
Differences (9 of 11)
Example (concluded):
(b) Negative of a function
The derivative of the negative of a differentiable
function u is the negative of the function’s
derivative. The Constant Multiple Rule with c  1
gives

d d d du
( u )  ( 1u )  1 (u )  .
dx dx dx dx
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Powers, Multiples, Sums, and
Differences (10 of 11)
Derivative Sum Rule
If u and  are differentiable functions of x, then
their sum u   is differentiable at every point where
u and  are both differentiable. At such points,

d du d
(u   )   .
dx dx dx

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Powers, Multiples, Sums, and
Differences (11 of 11)
Example: Find the derivative of the polynomial
3 4 2
y  x  x  5 x  1.
3
Solution:
dy d 3 d  4 2  d d
 x   x  (5 x)  (1)
dx dx dx  3  dx dx

4 2 2 8
3 x  2 x  5  0 3 x  x  5
3 3
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Derivatives of Exponential
Functions (1 of 3)
Derivative of the Natural Exponential
Function

d x x
(e ) e
dx

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Derivatives of Exponential
Functions (2 of 3)

The line through the origin is tangent to the graph of

y e x when a 1.
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Derivatives of Exponential
Functions (3 of 3)
Example: Find an equation for a line that is tangent to the
x
graph of y e and goes through the origin.

Solution: If it is tangent to the graph at the point  ,

a
a , e

the slope is m
e  0
a

. The slope of the natural

a  0 
exponential at x a is e a
. Because these slopes are the
a
e
same, we then have that e a  . It follows that a = 1 and
a
m = e, so the equation of the tangent line is y = ex.
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Products and Quotients (1 of 8)
Derivative Product Rule
If u and  are differentiable at x, then so is their
product u , and

d d du
(u ) u  .
dx dx dx

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Products and Quotients (2 of 8)
Example: Find the derivative of

1 2 x
(a) y  ( x  e ),
x

2x
(b) y e .

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Products and Quotients (3 of 8)
Solution:
1
(a) We apply the Product Rule with u  and   x  e :
2 x

x
d 1 2 x  1 x  1  2 x
 ( x  e )   (2 x  e )    2  ( x  e )
dx  x  x  x 
ex ex
2   1  2
x x
ex
1   x  1 2 .
x
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Products and Quotients (4 of 8)
Solution (concluded):

d 2x d x x x d x d x x x x 2x
(b) ( e )  ( e e ) e  ( e )  ( e ) e 2 e e 2 e
dx dx dx dx

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Products and Quotients (5 of 8)
Derivative Quotient Rule
If u and 
are differentiable at x and if   x  0,
u
then the quotient is differentiable at x, and

du d
d u
 u
 dx dx .
 
dx    2

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Products and Quotients (6 of 8)
Example: Find the derivative of

t2  1
(a) y  3 ,
t 1

x
(b) y e .

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Products and Quotients (7 of 8)
Solution:
(a) We apply the Quotient Rule with u t 2  1 and
 t 3  1:
dy (t 3  1) 2t  (t 2  1) 3t 2

dt (t 3  1) 2
2t 4  2t  3t 4  3t 2

(t 3  1) 2
 t 4  3t 2  2t
 3 2
.
(t  1)
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Products and Quotients (8 of 8)
Solution (concluded):

x x
d x d  1  e 0  1 e 1 x
(b) (e )   x   x 2
 x
 e
dx dx  e  ( e ) e

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Second- and Higher-Order Derivatives
3 2
Example: The first four derivatives of y  x  3 x  2
are
First derivative: y 3 x 2  6 x
Second derivative: y 6 x  6
Third derivative: y 6
Fourth derivative: y (4) 0.
All polynomial functions have derivatives of all orders. In
this example, the fifth and later derivatives are all zero.
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Section 3.4 The Derivative as a
Rate of Change

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Instantaneous Rates of Change (1 of 3)
Definition: The instantaneous rate of change of f
with respect to x at x0 is the derivative

f  x0  h   f  x0 
f ( x0 ) lim ,
h 0 h

provided the limit exists.

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Instantaneous Rates of Change (2 of 3)
Example: The area A of a circle is related to its
diameter by the equation

 2
A D .
4

How fast does the area change with respect to the

diameter when the diameter is 10 m ? eters

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Instantaneous Rates of Change (3 of 3)
Solution: The rate of change of the area with
respect to the diameter is
dA  D
 2 D  .
dD 4 2
When D = 10 m , the area is changing
eters

with respect to the diameter at the rate of

   10 5 m 2 /m 15.71 m 2 /m.
 
 2
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Motion Along a Line: Displacement, Velocity,
Speed, Acceleration, and Jerk (1 of 7)

The positions of a body moving along a coordinate

line at time t and shortly later at time t  t.
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Motion Along a Line: Displacement, Velocity,
Speed, Acceleration, and Jerk (2 of 7)
Definition: Velocity (instantaneous velocity) is
the derivative of position with respect to time. If a
body’s position at time t is s  f t , then the body’s
velocity at time t is

ds f t  t   f t 
 (t )   lim .
dt t  0 t

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Motion Along a Line: Displacement, Velocity,
Speed, Acceleration, and Jerk (3 of 7)
Definition: Speed is the absolute value of velocity.

ds
Speed   (t ) 
dt

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Motion Along a Line: Displacement, Velocity,
Speed, Acceleration, and Jerk (4 of 7)
Definitions: Acceleration is the derivative of
velocity with respect to time. If a body’s position at
time t is s  f t , then the body’s acceleration at
time t is d d 2 s
a (t )   2.
dt dt
Jerk is the derivative of acceleration with respect
to time:
da d 3 s
j (t )   3 .
dt dt
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Motion Along a Line: Displacement, Velocity,
Speed, Acceleration, and Jerk (5 of 7)

A ball bearing falling from rest.

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Motion Along a Line: Displacement, Velocity,
Speed, Acceleration, and Jerk (6 of 7)
Example: The Figure shows the free fall of a heavy ball
bearing released from rest at time t = 0 sec.
(a) How many meters does the ball fall in the first 3 sec?
(b) What is its velocity, speed, and acceleration when t = 3?
Solution:
(a) The metric free-fall equation is s 4.9t 2 . During the
s 3 4.9 3 44.1 m.
2
first 3 sec, the ball falls
(b) At any time t, velocity is the derivative of position:
d
 (t ) s(t )  (4.9t 2 ) 9.8t.
dt
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Motion Along a Line: Displacement, Velocity,
Speed, Acceleration, and Jerk (7 of 7)
Solution (concluded):
At t = 3, the velocity is
 3 29.4 m/sec
in the downward (increasing s) direction. The speed at t = 3
is
speed   (3) 29.4 m/sec.
The acceleration at any time t is
a (t )  (t ) s(t ) 9.8 m/sec 2 .
At t = 3, the acceleration is 9.8 m /sec 2 .
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Derivatives in Economics (1 of 4)

dc
The marginal cost is approximately the
dx
extra cost c of producing x 1 more unit.
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Derivatives in Economics (2 of 4)
Example: Suppose that it costs
c  x   x 3  6 x 2  15 x
dollars to produce x radiators when 8 to 30 radiators are
produced and that
r  x   x 3  3x 2  12 x
gives the dollar revenue from selling x radiators. Your shop
currently produces 10 radiators a day. About how much extra
will it cost to produce one more radiator a day, and what is
your estimated increase in revenue and increase in profit for
selling 11 radiators a day?
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Derivatives in Economics (3 of 4)
Solution: The cost of producing one more radiator a
day when 10 are produced is about c10  :
d 3
c( x)  ( x  6 x 2  15 x) 3 x 2  12 x  15
dx
c(10) 3(100)  12(10)  15 195.

The additional cost will be about $195. The marginal

revenue is
d 3
r ( x)  ( x  3 x 2  12 x) 3 x 2  6 x  12.
dx
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Derivatives in Economics (4 of 4)
Solution (concluded):
If you currently sell 10 radiators a day, you can
expect your revenue to increase by about
r (10) 3(100)  6(10)  12 $252
if you increase sales to 11 radiators a day. The
estimated increase in profit is obtained by subtracting
the increased cost of $195 from the increased
revenue, leading to an estimated profit increase of
$252  $195 $57.
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Sensitivity to Change (1 of 3)

(a) The graph of y 2 p  p 2 , describing the proportion

of smooth-skinned peas in the next generation.

(b) The graph of dy

.
dp
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Sensitivity to Change (2 of 3)
Example: Genetic Data and Sensitivity to Change
The Austrian monk Gregor Johann Mendel (1822–
1884), working with garden peas and other plants,
provided the first scientific explanation of hybridization.
His careful records showed that if p (a number between
0 and 1) is the frequency of the gene for smooth skin in
peas (dominant) and (1  p ) is the frequency of the
gene for wrinkled skin in peas, then the proportion of
smooth-skinned peas in the next generation will be
y 2 p 1  p   p 2 2 p  p 2 .
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Sensitivity to Change (3 of 3)
Example (concluded):
The graph of y versus p in (Figure (a)) suggests that
the value of y is more sensitive to a change in p
when p is small than when p is large. Indeed, this
fact is borne out by the derivative graph in
dy
(Figure (b)), which shows that is close to 2
dp
when p is near 0 and close to 0 when p is near 1.

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Section 3.5 Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions

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Derivative of the Sine Function (1 of 3)
The derivative of the sine function is the
cosine function:

d
(sin x) cos x.
dx

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Derivative of the Sine Function (2 of 3)
Example: We find derivatives of the sine function
involving differences, products, and quotients.
2 dy d
(a) y  x  sin x : 2 x  (sin x)
dx dx
2 x  cos x
x dy x d  d x
(b) y e sin x : e (sin x)   e  sin x
dx dx  dx 
e x cos x  e x sin x
e x (cos x  sin x)
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Derivative of the Sine Function (3 of 3)
Example (concluded):
d
sin x x  (sin x)  sin x 1
dy
(c) y  :  dx
x dx x2

x cos x  sin x

x2

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Derivative of the Cosine Function (1 of 4)

The curve y  sin x as the graph of the slopes

of the tangents to the curve y cos x.
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Derivative of the Cosine Function (2 of 4)
The derivative of the cosine function is the
negative of the sine function:

d
(cos x)  sin x.
dx

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Derivative of the Cosine Function (3 of 4)
Example: We find derivatives of the cosine function in
combinations with other functions.
(a) y 5e x  cos x :
dy d x d
 (5e )  (cos x)
dx dx dx
5e x  sin x
(b) y sin x cos x :
dy d d
sin x (cos x)  cos x (sin x)
dx dx dx
sin x( sin x)  cos x(cos x)
cos 2 x  sin 2 x
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Derivative of the Cosine Function (4 of 4)
Example (concluded):
cos x
(c) y  :
1  sin x
d d
(1  sin x) (cos x)  cos x (1  sin x)
dy dx dx

dx (1  sin x) 2
(1  sin x)(  sin x)  cos x(0  cos x)

(1  sin x) 2
1  sin x 1
 2 
(1  sin x) 1  sin x
Copyright © 2023, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 83
Simple Harmonic Motion (1 of 6)

A weight hanging from a vertical spring and then

displaced oscillates above and below its rest position.
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Simple Harmonic Motion (2 of 6)

The graphs of the position and velocity of the

weight.
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Simple Harmonic Motion (3 of 6)
Example: A weight hanging from a spring is
stretched down 5 units beyond its rest position
and released at time t = 0 to bob up and down.
Its position at any later time t is

s 5cos t.

What are its velocity and acceleration at time t?

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Simple Harmonic Motion (4 of 6)
Solution: We have

Position: s 5cos t
ds d
Velocity:    (5cos t )  5sin t
dt dt
d d
Acceleration: a   ( 5sin t )  5cos t.
dt dt

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Simple Harmonic Motion (5 of 6)
Solution (continued):
Notice how much we can learn from these equations:
1. The amplitude of the motion is 5. The period of
the motion is 2 , the period of the cosine function.
2. The speed of the weight,  5 sin t , is greatest
when cos t 0, that is, when s = 0 (the rest position).
The speed of the weight is zero when sin t 0.

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Simple Harmonic Motion (6 of 6)
Solution (concluded):
3. The weight is acted on by the spring and by
gravity.
4. The acceleration, a  5cos t , is zero only at the
rest position, where cos t 0 and the force of
gravity and the force from the spring balance each
other.

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Derivatives of the Other Basic
Trigonometric Functions (1 of 2)
The derivatives of the other trigonometric
functions:
d d
2
(tan x) sec x (cot x)  csc 2 x
dx dx

d d
(sec x) sec x tan x (csc x)  csc x cot x
dx dx

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Derivatives of the Other Basic
Trigonometric Functions (2 of 2)
d tan x 
Example: Find .
dx
Solution: We use the Derivative Quotient Rule to calculate
the derivative:
d d
cos x (sin x)  sin x (cos x)
d d  sin x  dx dx
(tan x)   
dx dx  cos x  cos 2 x
cos x cos x  sin x(  sin x)

cos 2 x
cos 2 x  sin 2 x

cos 2 x
1
 2 sec 2 x.
cos x
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Section 3.6 The Chain Rule

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Derivative of a Composite Function (1 of 3)

y 3 x  1
2
Example: The function 2

is obtained by composing the functions y  f u  u and

2

u  g  x  3x 2  1. Calculating derivatives, we see that

dy du
 2u 6 x
du dx
2(3 x 2  1) 6 x
36 x 3  12 x.
Calculating the derivative from the expanded formula
3x  1 9 x 4  6 x 2  1 gives the same result:
2 2

dy d
 (9 x 4  6 x 2  1) 36 x 3  12 x.
dx dx
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Derivative of a Composite Function (2 of 3)

Rates of change multiply: The derivative of f g

at x is the derivative of f at g  x  times the derivative

of g at x.
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Derivative of a Composite Function (3 of 3)

Theorem—The Chain Rule If f u  is differentiable at

the point u  g  x  and g  x  is differentiable at x, then the
composite function  f  g  x   f  g  x  is differentiable
at x, and
( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x)) g ( x).
In Leibniz’s notation, if y  f u  and u  g  x , then
dy dy du
  ,
dx du dx
dy
where is evaluated at u  g  x .
du
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“Outside-Inside” Rule (1 of 2)
cos x
Example: Differentiate y e .
Solution: Here the inside function is u  g  x  cos x
and the outside function is the exponential function
f  x  e x . Applying the Chain Rule, we get

dy d cos x cos x d
 (e ) e (cos x) e cos x ( sin x)  e cos x sin x.
dx dx dx

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“Outside-Inside” Rule (2 of 2)
Generalizing, we see that the Chain Rule gives the
formula

d u u du
e e .
dx dx

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Repeated Use of the Chain Rule
Example: Find the derivative of g t  tan 5  sin 2t .
Solution: By the Chain Rule,
d
g (t )  tan(5  sin 2t )
dt
2 d
sec (5  sin 2t )  (5  sin 2t )
dt
2  d 
sec (5  sin 2t )  0  cos 2t  (2t ) 
 dt 
sec 2 (5  sin 2t ) (  cos 2t ) 2
 2(cos 2t )sec 2 (5  sin 2t ).
Copyright © 2023, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 98
The Chain Rule with Powers of a
Function (1 of 7)
If u is a differentiable function of x, then we
can use the Chain Rule to extend this to the
Power Chain Rule:

d n n  1 du
(u ) nu .
dx dx

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The Chain Rule with Powers of a
Function (2 of 7)
Example: The Power Chain Rule simplifies computing the
derivative of a power of an expression.
d d
(a) (5 x 3  x 4 )7 7(5 x 3  x 4 )6 (5 x 3  x 4 )
dx dx
7(5 x 3  x 4 )6 (15 x 2  4 x 3 )
d  1  d
(b)    (3 x  2) 1

dx  3 x  2  dx
d
 1(3 x  2)  2 (3 x  2)
dx
 1(3 x  2)  2 (3)
3

(3 x  2) 2
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The Chain Rule with Powers of a
Function (3 of 7)
Example (concluded):
In part (b) we could also find the derivative with the Quotient
Rule.
d 5 4 d
(c) (sin x) 5sin x  sin x
dx dx
5sin 4 x cos x
d d
(d) (e 3 x 1
) e 3 x 1
 ( 3 x  1)
dx dx
3 x 1 1
e  (3 x  1)  1/2 3
2
3
 e 3 x1
2 3x 1
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The Chain Rule with Powers of a
Function (4 of 7)
Example: Show that the slope of every line tangent to the
1
curve y  3 is positive.
1  2 x 
Solution: We find the derivative:

dy d
 (1  2 x)  3
dx dx
d 4
 3(1  2 x)  (1  2 x)
dx
6
4
 3(1  2 x) ( 2)  4
.
(1  2 x)
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The Chain Rule with Powers of a
Function (5 of 7)
Solution (concluded):
At any point (x, y) on the curve, the denominator is
nonzero, and the slope of the tangent line is

dy 6
 4
,
dx (1  2 x)

which is the quotient of two positive numbers.

Copyright © 2023, 2018, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 103
The Chain Rule with Powers of a
Function (6 of 7)


The function sin  x  oscillates only times
180
as often as sin x oscillates. Its maximum slope is

at x 0.
180
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The Chain Rule with Powers of a
Function (7 of 7)
Example: The Chain Rule gives us new insight into the
x
difference between the two. Since 180°= radians, x° 
180
radians where x° is the size of the angle measured in
degrees. By the Chain Rule,

d d  x    x  
sin( x )  sin   cos   cos( x ).
dx dx  180  180  180  180
  
See Figure. Similarly, the derivative of cos  x° is    sin  x°.
 180 

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Copyright

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