Communicat

ion
Electronics
Types of modulation Schemes
Table of contents

01 02 03
Introduction Need for Amplitude
Modulation Modulation

04 05 06
Frequency Pulse TV
Modulation Modulation Fundamentals
01
Introduction
 Communication
● Communication Engineering is the process of
exchange of data or signal between two points.
● The two points are transmitter and a receiver.
Electronic Communication System
● The main components of a communication system are
information source, input transducer, transmitter,
channel, receiver ,output transducer and destination.
 Types of Signals
● Continuous time signal: The signal will be defined for
all the time intervals. For example, x(t)=sin ωt. Here,
the continuous signal x(t) can be defined for all time
intervals. The time period “t” varies from –∝<t<∝.

● A discrete time signal can be defined as only for a

specific time interval. Here, the discrete time “n”
should be an integer.
Types of Communication System
● Based on the classification of signals, the
communication systems can be classified as Analog
and digital communication systems.

● The analog communication system uses continuous

time signal as input, whereas digital communication
uses discrete time signal as input.
 Wireless communication system
● There is no physical transmission media connected
between the transmitter and the receiver.
● The transmitter block consists of a transmitting
antenna; the transmitter output is radiated through
this antenna into free space.
● The receiver block also consists of an antenna; this
receiver antenna collects the signals from the free
space, selects the desired signal and the receiver
processes this signal.
 Importance of Modulation
● Modulation is a process that takes place in
TRANSMITTER section of a communication system.
● Modulation refers to the process of modifying a signal
or waveform to carry information or data.
● It increases strength for maximum reach of the
signals.
● The two signals involved in modulation process are:
baseband signal and carrier.
● Modulating signal = baseband signal , intelligence
signal
= information bearing signal
= message signal
02
Need for
Modulation
 Advantages of Modulation

1) Reduction in the height of antenna

2) Avoids mixing of signals

3) Increases the range of communication

4) Multiplexing is possible

5) Reduction in Effective power radiated by antenna

 Reduction in Height of Antenna
● For the transmission of radio signals, the antenna
height must be multiple of (λ/4). Here λ is the
wavelength. λ = c/f where c is velocity of light and f is
the frequency of the signal to be transmitted. If the
minimum antenna height required to transmit a
baseband signal of f = 10 kHz
 Avoids Mixing of Signals
● If the baseband sound signals are transmitted without
using the modulation by more than one transmitter,
then all the signals will be in the same frequency
range i.e. 20 Hz to 20 kHz . Therefore, all the signals
get mixed together and a receiver can not separate
them from each other .
● For example, the first user frequency is found to be
occupied in between 20 Hz and 20 kHz, and it is
modulated with a 3-MHz carrier signal. User-2 signal
frequency is also found to occupy the same frequency
band, but the carrier frequency is 5 MHz.
● At the receiver side, to pick user-1 signal, the receiver
 Increases the Range of
Communication
● The frequency of baseband signals is low, and the low
frequency signals can not travel a long distance when
they are transmitted. They get heavily attenuated
(suppressed).
● The attenuation reduces with increase in frequency of
the transmitted signals, and they travel longer
distance.
● The modulation process increases the frequency of the
signal to be transmitted. Therefore, it increases the
range of communication.
● The energy of a wave depends upon its frequency. The
only practical solution is to modulate a high frequency
 Multiplexing is possible
● Multiplexing is a technique that allows many signals to
use the same channel.
 Effective power transmission
● Power radiated from the antenna is given as P =(l/λ)2 .
It shows the ability of the antenna to transmit greater
volume of power when it is small. The size of the
antenna is known to be smaller only when the
modulation process is considered.
● Therefore, for the same antenna length l, the power
radiated will be large for signals of shorter wavelength
or higher frequency. For good transmission, we need
high powers. This requires the transmission to be
carried out at high frequencies. For this reason, we use
high frequency carrier wave to carry the audio signal.
 Types of Modulation
● Analog Modulation (Baseband signal is analog in
nature)
● Digital Modulation (Baseband signal is digital)
 CW & Pulse Modulation
● Based on the carrier signal employed in modulation
process
Classification of Modulation
 Definition of Modulation
● The basic definition is: Changing the characteristic
(amplitude, frequency, phase angle) of the carrier
signal in accordance with instantaneous amplitude
variations of the modulating signal or the message
signal or the information signal.
● A message signal is a low-frequency signal, while a
carrier signal is a high-frequency signal.
● The high-frequency signal that is modulated is called
the modulated signal.
● The low-frequency source signal that is modulating the
carrier is called the modulating signal.
Demonstration of AM wave
 Expression for AM wave
● In Amplitude Modulation (AM), amplitude of the carrier
is changed in accordance with amplitude of
modulating signal.
 Modulation Index
● The ratio of maximum amplitude of modulating signal
to maximum amplitude of carrier signal is called
modulation index.

● Value of Em must be less than value of Ec to avoid any

distortion in the modulated signal. Hence maximum
value of modulation index will be equal to 1 when Em =
Ec. Minimum value will be zero.
● If modulation index is higher than 1, then it is called
over modulation.
● When modulation index is expressed in percentage, it
Modulation Index from AM
Waveform
Importance of Modulation Index

Amplitude modulation with modulation

factor 0.5 or 50%

Amplitude modulation with modulation

factor 1 or 100%
Amplitude modulation with a modulation
factor greater than 1 or greater than 100%
AM Frequency Spectrum and
Bandwidth
AM Power Relations
Transmission Efficiency
Modulation by multiple sine waves
 AM modulator (Using transistor)
● It is basically a CE amplifier The carrier is applied at
the input (between base and emitter). The signal is a
part of the biasing circuit, it produces variations in the
emitter circuit, this varies the gain of the amplifier. As
a result, the amplitude of the carrier varies according
to the signal and the modulated wave is obtained at
the output.
 Demodulation
● The process of recovering the audio signal from the
modulated wave is known as demodulation or
detection. Demodulation is a reverse process of
modulation and is performed at the receiver. This is
accomplished by a circuit called detector.
● The modulated wave contains the carrier as well as
the modulating signal .It cannot be directly fed to the
loudspeaker, simply because the diaphragm of the
loudspeaker can not respond to such high frequencies.
● The diaphragm of the speaker is not at all able to
respond to such high frequencies. Before the
diaphragm is able to move in one direction, the rapid
 Essentials in Demodulation
● It rectifies the modulated wave i.e. negative half of the
modulated wave is eliminated. Average wave shape is
of the same form as the signal.

● It separates the audio signal from the carrier. A filter

circuit which removes the carrier frequency and allows
the audio signal to reach the load i.e. Speaker.
 AM Diode Detector
● The modulated wave of desired frequency is selected
by the parallel tuned circuit and is applied to the
diode. During the positive half-cycles of modulated
wave, the diode conducts while during negative half-
cycles, it does not. The R F component is bypassed by
the capacitor C and the signal is passed on to the
speaker for sound reproduction.
 AM Radio Receiver
An AM (Amplitude Modulation) radio receiver is a device
that captures and processes AM radio signals to
reproduce the audio content being transmitted. Every
radio receiver must perform the following functions.
● The receiving aerial must intercept a portion of the passing
radio waves.
● The radio receiver must select the desired radio from a
number of radio waves intercepted by the receiving aerial.
For this purpose tuned parallel LC circuits must be used.
These circuits will select only that radio frequency which is
resonant with them.
● The selected radio wave must be amplified by the tuned
frequency amplifiers.
 Types of AM Receivers
Based on the Principle of Operation

(a)Straight or Tuned Radio Frequency

(TRF) Receivers: These receivers are operated in a
straightforward manner without frequency conversion or
mixing.

(b) Super Heterodyne Receivers: In these

receivers, the incoming RF signal is converted to
standard Intermediate Frequency (IF) before detection
takes place. This is done with the help of frequency
converters
Straight Radio Receiver or TRF
Receiver
 Working of Straight Radio Receiver
● Antenna : The aerial is receiving radio waves from different
broadcasting stations.. The signal floating in space induce
small voltage at the antenna.
● R.F. Amplifiers: As mentioned above, there are one or more
stages of R.F. amplifiers. They select the particular radio
frequency (They are basically tuned amplifiers) and amplify
to the desired level.
● Detector: The diode detector detects (separates) the audio
signal. As described already, this block performs two
functions, viz., half-wave rectification of the radio wave and
detection of the AF signal.
● Audio Amplifier: The detected (AF) signal is amplified. It is
also done in stages— first voltage is amplified and the last
stage is of power amplification.
 Advantages of TRF Receiver

1) The TRF receiver is simple in design

2) High sensitivity and low cost

3) TRF receiver works satisfactorily at low and medium

frequencies
4) A TRF receiver actually tunes the receiver on the
true radio frequency whereas super heterodyne
receiver, tunes the desired signal after conversion to
an intermediate frequency.
 Disadvantages of TRF Receiver
1) Wide variation in the Q-factor and the bandwidth of
the tuned circuits employed in RF amplifiers.
2) Gang tuning of more capacitors simultaneously is
difficult.
3) The gain of TRF Receiver is not uniform over the
tuning range.
4) There is risk of instability at any frequency at which
the gain is high. Even if a very small portion of the
output of the system at this frequency gets fed back
into the input oscillations will set in.
Superheterodyne Radio Receiver
● All modem radio receivers are essentially the
superheterodyne receivers. They are the most superior
(super) circuits which utilize the principle of
‘heterodyning’ (mixing or beating) two frequencies.
Stages of Superheterodyne Radio
Receiver
Advantages of Superheterodyne
Circuit
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
● Frequency modulation is the process by which the
frequency of the carrier signal is changed in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal. The amplitude of the carrier wave is
maintained constant in this process.

● Two important points to be noted are

1. Amount of frequency shift is proportional to the
amplitude of the
modulating signal.
2.Rate of frequency shift is proportional to the
frequency of the
Graphical Representation of FM
Demonstration of FM wave
Representation of FM signal
 Advantages of FM over AM
● It gives noiseless reception. Noise is a form of
amplitude variations and a FM receiver will reject such
signals.

● The operating range is quite large.

● It gives high fidelity (capture effect) reception.

● The efficiency of transmission is very high.

 AM VS FM
● FM is considered to be superior to AM. •
● Transmission efficiency.
AM use linear amplifiers to produce the final RF
signal. •
FM has constant carrier amplitude so it is not
necessary to use linear amplifier.
● Fidelity (capture effect) The strongest signal will
capture and eliminate the weaker. In AM , the weaker
signal can be heard in the background.
● Noise Immunity(noise reduction)
Comparison of FM and AM