BACTERIA AND DISEASE

• Disease - Is An Abnormal State In Which Part Or All Of The Body Is Not Properly Adjusted Or Is
Unable To Carry Out Usual Functions; Any Deviation From One's Current Condition Of Health
• Infection Is Defined As Pathogenic Microorganisms Invading The Body.
• Symbiosis. - The Relation Between The Indigenous Flora And The Host
• Commensalism Is a Type Of Symbiosis In Which One Organism Benefits From The Other Without Harming
It.
• Mutualism- Form Of Symbiosis In w/c Both Organisms Benefit From The Relationship
• Parasitism - a Connection In Which One Organism Benefits From Another While Also Harming It.
• Pathogen- An Organism That Invades & Causes Damage Or Injury To The Host
• Pathogenecity Refers To An Organism's Ability To Cause Disease.
• Contamination Is Defined As The Presence Of Organisms Outside Of The Body, Such As Those Found
• In Water, Food, And Other Biological Substances.
• The Presence Of Undesired Compounds In Water, Air, Or Soil Is Referred To As POLLUTION
KOCH’S POSTULATES - Is a set of rules for establishing a relationship
between a causative microbe and a disease.
• 1. The same organism must be found in all cases of a given disease &
must not be present in healthy individuals
• 2. The organism must be isolated & grown in pure culture from the
infected person.
• 3. The organisms from the pure culture must reproduce the disease when
inoculated into susceptible animal
• 4. The organism must be isolated in pure culture from the experimentally
infected
HOW ORGANISMS PRODUCE DISEASE

• Mechanical- organisms directly damage tissues or surface

• Chemical- bacteria produces chemicals & toxins
• Immunologic - response of the immune
 According to ability for person-
to-person
• 1.Communicable Disease - a disease that spreads from
one host to other, either directly or indirectly
• 2.Non communicable disease - not spread from one person
to another
• 3.Contagious disease - easily spread from one person to
another
 According to source of infection
• Exogenous infection - is an infection that caused by organisms not normally present in
the body but which have gained entrance from the environment.
• Endogenous infection is an infection caused by an infectious agent that is present on or
in the host prior to the start of the infection.
• Fulminating infection - coming on suddenly and with great severity; infection that
results in the death of the patient over a short period of time;
• Nosocomial infections - or healthcare associated infections occur when a person
develops an infection during their time at a healthcare facility.
• Incidence - is a measure of the number of new cases of a characteristic that develop in a
population in a specified time period
• Prevalence - is the proportion of a population who have a specific characteristic in a
given time period, regardless of when they first developed the characteristic.
 According to occurrence of
infection
• Sporadic – refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly; occurs occasionally
• Endemic disease A disease that is constantly present in a certain population. (Malaria
endemic in
• Palawan)
• Epidemic disease A disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time; many
people develop
disease in a given locality at a short period of time
• Pandemic disease An epidemic that occurs worldwide.
• Zoonosis - disease that occurs primarily in wild and domestic animals but can be
transmitted to humans.
• Epizoonosis - disease that occur epidemic in lower animals
 According to occurrence of
infection
• Enzoonosis - endemic in lower animals
• Bacteremia - presence of bacteria in the blood
• Septicemia - presence of actively multiplying bacteria in
blood
• Toxemia - presence of toxins in the blood
• Viremia - presence of viruses in the blood
• Pyemia - pre of pus producing bacteria
 According to severity or duration
of infectious disease
• Acute disease- develops rapidly but lasts for short period
of time ( ex. common colds)
•  Chronic disease - develops more slowly & occur for long
period ( ex. tuberculosis)
•  Latent disease - causative organism remains inactive for
a time but can become active & produce
• symptoms of disease (Ex: Shingles- disease that is caused
by same virus that causes
 According to extent of host
involve
•  Local infection - invading microorganisms are limited to a
relatively small area of the body
•  Focal infection - a local infection enters blood or lymphatic
vessel & spread to specific parts where they become confined
to the specific area of the body (ex. can arise from teeth,
sinuses)
•  Systemic or generalized infection - invading microorganisms
or their products are spread throughout the body by blood or
lymph
 Stages of an infection
• Incubation period - the time interval between entry of microorganism & the first
appearance of s/s
•  Prodromal period - mild symptoms of a disease w/c are non specific (fever, cough, colds,
malaise)
•  Period of illness - period of maximal invasion. The disease is most acute during this
period
• - Carrier state - pt. does not show s/s but still continues to shed infecting
microorganisms
•  Period of decline – Period of defervescence- s/s start to subside. - Pt. vulnerable to
secondary infections
•  Period of convalescence - patien regains strength, body returns to its pre-diseased
normal con
 Reservoirs of infection
• Living (animals , humans)
• Non-living (can be found in soil- Clostridium tetani &
water -Vibrio cholera, salmon
Routes of Transmission
 CONTACT transmission
• - refers to spread of microorganism through direct contact, indirect contact or droplet
transmission.
• Direct Contact - aka person to person transmission & involves direct transmission by physical
contact between the source of infection & the susceptible host. (kissing, touching).
Ex. Common cold, Respiratory tract infections, chicken pox, syphilis, gonorrhea
• Indirect contact - refers to transmission of causative agent from reservoir to susceptible host
through none living object(fomites)
Ex of common fomites: handkerchiefs, towels, spoons, toys. of diseases are
common
colds, sore yes, tuberculosis)
• Droplet - is a form of contact transmission in w/c the organism is spread in droplet nuclei that
travel only short distances usually <1 meter from reservoir to the host. These droplets are spread
in to air by coughing, laughing, talking, sneezing. Ex: pneumonia, influenza
 VEHICLE transmission
• - refers to transmission of organism through media such as food, water,
air.
• Food-borne - pathogens are transmitted through ingestion of food that
are improperly cooked, poorly refrigerated , unsanitary conditions. ex.
food poisoning, gastroenteritis
• Air- borne - refers to spread of pathogens by droplet nuclei in dust that
travels >1 meter from the reservoir to the host ( ex. measles,
tuberculosis)
• Water borne -pathogen is spread through contaminated water ( ex ,
typhoid fever, cholera)
 VECTORS
• - are animals that carry organism from one host to another
• Insects (arthropods) - most important group of vectors
• Mechanical transmission - refers to passive transport of
organism on insect’s feet or other parts.
Ex: cockroaches & flies
• Biological transmission - active transport of organism.
Organism enters the insect vector after insect vector bites
an infected person