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Lecture 1

The document outlines the definition of a computer and its six generations, detailing the technological advancements from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation characterized by artificial intelligence and quantum computing. Each generation is defined by significant innovations and examples, such as ENIAC for the first generation and supercomputers for the fifth. The document also highlights notable inventions that emerged alongside each generation of computers.

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2 views

Lecture 1

The document outlines the definition of a computer and its six generations, detailing the technological advancements from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation characterized by artificial intelligence and quantum computing. Each generation is defined by significant innovations and examples, such as ENIAC for the first generation and supercomputers for the fifth. The document also highlights notable inventions that emerged alongside each generation of computers.

Uploaded by

muhammadkamran3980
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1-A

BY P E T E R N O RT O N 7 T H E D I T I O N
COMPUTER DEFINED
• A computer is a machine that can store and process information. Most
computers rely on a binary system, which uses two variables, 0 and 1, to
complete tasks such as storing data, calculating algorithms, and displaying
information.

1A-2
GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERS
• Based on the improvements in Computer Systems over time, the
Computers are divided into six generations
– First Generation Electronic Computers (1937-1953)
– Second-Generation (1954-1962)
– Third-Generation (1963-1972)
– Fourth-Generation (1972-1984)
– Fifth-Generation (1984-present)
FIRST GENERATION
COMPUTERS
• The era of first generation is from 1937 to 1953.
• Vacuum tubes used as basic electronic components.Large in size, consumed
a lot of electricity, and generated a significant amount of heat.
Example: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).
• Some of the inventions of the time are
– Electron microscope
– Photocopier
– Microwave oven
– Optic fiber
SECOND GENERATION
COMPUTER
• The era of second generation is from 1954 to 1962.
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, and
more reliable. Assembly language and high-level programming languages
(like Fortran and COBOL) emerged. Example: IBM 1401, IBM 7094.
• Inventions of this era include
– Audio Cassette
– Microchips
– Video disk.
THIRD GENERATION
COMPUTER
• The era of third generation is from 1963 to 1971.
• Integrated Circuits (ICs) introduced, allowing more components to be placed on a single
silicon chip.Computers became smaller, more powerful, and more energy-
efficient.Operating systems developed, facilitating easier use and management.
Example: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-11.
• Inventions of this time period include
– Calculator
– Computer Mouse
– RAM
– Barcode Reader
– LCD
FOURTH GENERATION
COMPUTER
• The era of fourth generation is from 1972 to 1984
• Microprocessors enabled entire CPUs to fit on a single chip, leading to
personal computers (PCs) and workstations.Introduction of GUIs (Graphical
User Interfaces) and networking capabilities.Example: Apple II, IBM PC,
Macintosh.
• Popular inventions of the time include
– Word processor
– Video game
– Laser printer
FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER
– The era of fifth generation was from 1984-present
– Characterized by advances in parallel processing, artificial intelligence (AI), and
quantum computing.Focus on natural language processing, machine learning,
and advanced computational capabilities.Examples: Supercomputers, quantum
computers (still in experimental stages).
– Inventions of the time are
• CD-ROM
• Windows Program
• High definition television
• 3-D video game

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