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Chapter 1- The Internet

The Internet is a decentralized global network that connects millions of computers and devices, enabling seamless communication and information exchange. It operates on protocols like Internet Protocol (IP) and supports various services, including the World Wide Web, email, and VoIP. Internet policies, such as GDPR and Net Neutrality, help regulate usage and ensure a safe online environment.

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4 views

Chapter 1- The Internet

The Internet is a decentralized global network that connects millions of computers and devices, enabling seamless communication and information exchange. It operates on protocols like Internet Protocol (IP) and supports various services, including the World Wide Web, email, and VoIP. Internet policies, such as GDPR and Net Neutrality, help regulate usage and ensure a safe online environment.

Uploaded by

Tsegaye Eshetu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is the Internet?

The Internet is a globally connected network system that facilitates


communication and data services through a vast collection networks, or

It is a global network of interconnected computers and networks.

It serves as a virtual infrastructure that links millions of computers and electronic


devices worldwide, allowing users to exchange information seamlessly.

It plays a fundamental role in modern society, enabling individuals, businesses,


and organizations to connect, communicate, and access information on a global
scale.
Cont.…
It is decentralized; there is no central authority governing its operations.

To enable communication between devices, the Internet relies on protocols and


standards that govern how small units of data are formatted, addressed, and
transmitted.

The foundation of the Internet is built on a protocol called Internet Protocol


(IP).

IP provides a set of rules that govern how data is transmitted across networks.

Every device connected to the Internet is assigned a unique IP address which


Internet protocols
Internet protocols
Internet protocols
Internet policies
Internet policies are guidelines, rules, and regulations that define how different
stakeholders, such as governments, organizations, and users, can interact with
and use the Internet

Governments and organizations use policies to help create frameworks that


promote a safe, fair, and inclusive Internet environment.

These policies address a wide range of issues, including privacy, security,


content regulation, intellectual property, network management, and
accessibility.
Examples for internet policies
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG): promotes accessibility standards to
ensure that individuals with disabilities have equal access to online information;

Universal Service Fund (USF): aims to bridge the digital divide by subsidizing the
cost of telecommunications infrastructure and services in underserved or rural
areas through fees levied on telecommunications providers;

GDPR: dictates how personal data in the European Union (EU) should be collected,
stored, and used by online services;

Net Neutrality: seeks to ensure that all Internet traffic is treated equally by Internet
service providers.
World Wide Web (WWW)
The World Wide Web is a service that uses the Internet’s infrastructure to provide
digital devices and applications with access to websites.

It is a system of interconnected webpages and information that you can


access using the Internet.

Popular Internet services include email, Voice over IP (VoIP), and Short Message
Service (SMS).

These services leverage the Internet’s connectivity to facilitate communication


and collaboration among users worldwide.
Cont.…
The Web allows us to browse websites, watch videos, shop online, and connect
with others around the world through our computers and phones.

Client – Server architecture?

Clients are the typical web user's internet-connected devices and web-accessing
software available on those devices

Servers are computers that store webpages, sites, or apps.

When a client device wants to access a webpage, a copy of the webpage is


downloaded from the server onto the client machine to be displayed in the user's
web browser.
Cont.…

Internet connection: Allows devices to send and receive data on the web.

TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol are communication


protocols that define how data should travel across the internet.
Cont.…
DNS: Domain Name System is like an address book for websites. When you type
a web address in your browser, the browser looks at the DNS to find the
website's IP address before it can retrieve the website.

The browser needs to find out which server the website lives on, so it can send
HTTP messages to the right place

HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an application protocol that defines a


language for clients and servers to speak to each other.
Cont.…
Component files:

i. Code files: Websites are built primarily from HTML, CSS, and JavaScript,
though you'll meet other technologies a bit later.

ii. Assets: This is a collective name for all the other stuff that makes up a
website, such as images, music, video, Word documents, and PDFs.
What happens?
1. The browser goes to the DNS server, and finds the real address of the server
that the website lives on.

2. The browser sends an HTTP request message to the server, asking it to send a
copy of the website to the client

This message, and all other data sent between the client and the server, is sent
across your internet connection using TCP/IP.

3. If the server approves the client's request, it starts sending the website's files
to the browser as a series of small chunks called data

4. The browser assembles the small chunks into a complete web page and
displays it to you
An overview of HTTP
HTTP is a protocol for fetching resources such as HTML documents.

It is the foundation of any data exchange on the Web

It is a client-server protocol, which means requests are initiated by the recipient,


usually the Web browser.

A complete document is typically constructed from resources such as text


content, layout instructions, images, videos, scripts, and more.
Cont.…
HTTP flow
When a client wants to communicate with a server, either the final server or an
intermediate proxy, it performs the following steps:

1. Open a TCP connection: The TCP connection is used to send a request, or


several, and receive an answer. The client may open a new connection, reuse an
existing connection, or open several TCP connections to the servers.

2. Send an HTTP message:


Cont.…
3. Read the response sent by the server, such as:

4. Close or reuse the connection for further requests.


HTTP messages
Cont.…
Cont.…

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