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Engineering Science session 2

The document outlines the learning outcomes for a session on engineering science, focusing on number systems, indices, and transposition of formulae. It covers various number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, along with methods for converting between these systems. Additionally, it explains the laws of indices and provides examples of transposing formulas to isolate specific variables.

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3 views

Engineering Science session 2

The document outlines the learning outcomes for a session on engineering science, focusing on number systems, indices, and transposition of formulae. It covers various number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, along with methods for converting between these systems. Additionally, it explains the laws of indices and provides examples of transposing formulas to isolate specific variables.

Uploaded by

sudeshbhaggan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Science

Learning Outcomes

Upon completion of this session, students will be able to:

• Understand Number Systems

 Perform calculations applying the rules of indices for positive,


negative and fractional integers.

 Evaluate expressions which combine positive, negative and


fractional indices.

 Transpose simple formulae and evaluate using given data.


Number Systems

Types of Number Systems:

 Non- positional Systems


These use symbols to represent numbers :
Example: I for 1, II for 2, III for 3, IIII for 4 etc
Used in tally charts.

 Positional Number Systems


Use only a few symbols we know as digits which
represent different values depending on the position
they occupy in the number
Decimal Number System (Base 10)

Characteristics:
▪ Has 10 digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) hence the
base is 10

▪ Each position of a digit represents a specific power of


the base.
Decimal Number System
Example:

2 5 8 610

(2 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (6 x 100)


= 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6
Binary Number System
Characteristics:
▪ Has only 2 digits ( 0 and 1) hence it is Base 2

▪ The maximum value of a single digit is 1 (one less than


the value of the base) and each position of a digit
represents a specific power of the base

▪ This number system is used in computers


Binary Number System
Example:
1 0 1 0 1 2

= (1 x24) + (0 x23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x


21) + (1 x 20)
= 16 + 0 + 4 +
0 + 1
= 2110
Octal Number System
Characteristics:
▪ Has a total of 8 digits ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) Hence Base 8

▪ The maximum value of a single digit is 7 ( one less than


the value of the base)

▪ And each position of a digit represents a specific power of


the base
Octal Number System
Example:
2 0 5 78

= (2 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (5 x 81) + (7 x 80)


= 1024 + 0 + 40 + 7
= 107110
Hexadecimal Number System
Characteristics:
▪ Has total 16 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, A, B, C, D, E, F). Hence base 16

▪ The symbols A, B, C, D, E and F represent the


decimal values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 respectively

▪ • The maximum value of a single digit is 15 ( one less


than the value of a single of the base)
Hexadecimal Number System
• Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base
• Since there are only 16 digits, 4 bits are sufficient to represent
any hexadecimal number binary in
Example:
1 A F 16

= (1 x 162) + (A x 161) + (F x 160)


= 1 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 256 + 160 + 15
Converting a Number of Another
Base to a Decimal Number

Method
Step 1: Determine the column (positional) value of each
digit

Step 2: Multiply the obtained column values by the digits


in the corresponding columns

Step 3: Calculate the sum of these products


Converting a Number of Another
Base to a Decimal Number
Example:
47068 = ?10
4 7 0 68

= (4 x 83) + (7 x 82) + (0 x 81) + (6 x 80)


= (4 x 512) + (7 x 64) + 0 + (6 x 1)
= 2048 + 448 + 0 + 6
= 250210
Converting a Decimal Number to a
Number of Another Base
Division-Remainder Method :

Step 1: Divide the decimal number to be converted by the


value of the new base
Step 2: Record the remainder from Step 1 as the new
base digit least significant digit
Step 3: Repeat Step 1 until the new base can no longer
divide into the decimal number
Step 4: Record the remainder from Step 3 as the most
significant digit (MSD) of the base number
Converting a Decimal Number to a
Number of Another Base

Example:
95210 = Base8
Solution:
8 952
Ans= 1670 10
119 R0
14 R7
1 R6
MSD
Converting a Number of some base to
a Number of Another Base

Method:

Step 1: Convert the original number to a decimal


number (base 10)

Step 2: Convert the decimal number to the new base


number
Indices
Indices help us to simplify or solve indexed numbers in a more
efficient manner.
Example:
The lowest factors of 2000 are:
= 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 5 x 5 x 5.
▪ These factors are written as 24 x 53
▪ where, 2 and 5 are called bases
▪ the numbers 4 and 3 are called indices (or index).
Reciprocal
The reciprocal of a number is given when the index is -1
and its value is given by,1 divided by the base.

Example:

The reciprocal of 2 is 2 -1 and its value is or 0.5.


Similarly, the reciprocal of 5 is 5-1 which means or 0.2
Square Root
The square root of a number is when the index is .
Example: the square root of 2 is written as 21/2 or 2.
The value of a square root is the value of the base which
when multiplied by itself gives the number.
Since 3 x 3 = 9, then 9 = 3.
However, -3 x -3 = 9, so 9 = -3.
There are always two answers when finding the square
root of a number and this is shown by putting both a -ve
and a +ve sign in front of the answer to a square root
problem.

Thus 9 = 3.
Indices
Laws of indices
When simplifying calculations involving indices, certain
basic rules or laws can be applied, called the laws of
indices. These are as follows:
(i) When multiplying two or more numbers having the
same base, the indices are added. Thus

3 2 x 3 4= 3 2+4

= 36
Law’s of Indices
(ii) When a number is divided by a number having the
same base, the indices are subtracted. Thus

5
2 =3 5-
=3 3
2
Law’s of Indices
(iii) When a number which is raised to a power is raised to a
further power, the indices are multiplied. Thus

3(35 x5 2)2 =

=3 10

(iv) When a number has an index of 0, its value is 1.

3 0
= 1
Law’s of Indices
(v) A number raised to a negative power is the reciprocal
of that number raised to a positive power. Thus

1 4
3- =
34

Similarly,
2-3 =
3
Law’s of Indices
(vi) When a number is raised to a fractional power the
denominator of the fraction is the root of the number and
the numerator is the power. Thus

82/3 = 2 = 4 and

251/2 = 2251 = 5
Transposition Of Formulae
When a symbol other than the subject is required to be
calculated it is usual to rearrange the formula to make a
new subject. This rearranging process is called transposing
he formula or transposition.
Transposition Of Formulae
Example
Transpose p = q + r + s , to make r the subject.
Rearrange :
q + r + s =p
r + s =p - q
r =p - q - s
Transposition Of Formulae
If a + b = w - x + y, express x as the subject.

w- x +y=a+b
-x + y = a + b- w
-x =a + b - w - y
x =-a- b + w +
y
X=w+y–a–b
Transposition Of Formulae
Transpose M = Fd, to make d the
subject.

F FM = F d

therefore: d =
Transposition Of Formulae
When a body falls freely through a height h, the
velocity v is given by v 2 = 2gh. Express this
formula with h as the subject.
V2 = 2gh
V2 = 2gh
2g 2g
Question 1:

Transpose the formula v=u+ to make f


the subject.
Question 2:

Transpose the formula t=2 to make g the


subject.
Catch you in our Live Interactive Session !

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