1.

First chapter-Human

1. Introduction
2. Input–output channels
3. Human memory
4.Thinking: reasoning and problem solving
5.Emotion
6.Psychology and the design of interactive systems
 Introduction
• In 1983, Card, Moran and Newell described the Model Human
Processor:
• A simplied view of the human processing involved in interacting with
computer systems.
• MHP comprises 3 subsystems:
• perceptual system
• motor system
• cognitive system.
• MHP also includes a number of Principles of operation which dictate
the behavior of the human under certain conditions.
• Perception: refers to our sensory experience of the
world. It is the process of using our senses to become
aware of objects, relationships. Through this
experience we can gain information about the
environment around us.
•Cognition includes all of the conscious and
unconscious processes involved in thinking,
perceiving(become aware), and reasoning.
•Examples of cognition include paying
attention to something in the environment,
learning something new, making decisions,
processing language and perceiving
environmental stimuli, solving problems,
and using memory.
• The motor system is the part of the nervous
system that controls voluntary(self generated)
movement.
• It consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves
that connect these structures to the effector
muscles.
• The human body has about 600
skeletal muscles, which produce movements
at body joints. The brain gives commands to
the muscles through nerves.
2. Input–output channels

• Input in humans occurs mainly through the senses and output

through the motor controls of the effectors.
• Vision
• Hearing
• Touch
• are the most important senses in HCI. The fingers, voice, eyes, head
are the primary effectors.
• (perception-relating to the ability to interpret or become aware of
something through the senses.)
Vision
• Visual perception can be divided in 2 stages:
• the physical reception of the stimulus from the outside world, and the processing and interpretation
of that
• stimulus.
• The eye is a mechanism for receiving light and transforming it into electrical energy.
• Light is reflected from objects in the visual field and their image is focussed on the back of the eye,
where it
• is transformed into an electrical signal and passed to the brain.
• The most important components are the cornea and lens and the retina with the blind spot and
• photoreceptors:
• rods and cones,
• located on the fovea. Rod are highly sensitive to light and usable under low
Hearing
• The ear receives vibrations on the air and transmits them through various stages
• to the auditory(senser nurve) nerves.
• The ear compromises 3 sections,
• outer ear
• middle ear
• inner ear.
• The human ear can hear frequencies from 20 Hz to 15 kHz. The sound we perceive is (selectively)
filtered,
• which is illustrated by example: we can notice our name spoken
• out in a noisy room.
• Sound (vibrations) have a number of characteristics. The pitch is the frequency of the sound.
• The higher the frequency, the higher the sound.
Toch
• Stimuli are received through the skin, which contains various types of
sensory receptors. Mechanoreceptors, responding to pressure, are
important in HCI.
• There are 2 kinds of
• MRís (mechanoceptor, is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical
pressure ):
• Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors, responding to immediate pressure as
the skin is intended...
• A second aspect of haptic (relating to the sense of touch)perception is
kinesthesis(Kinesthesis is the learning of movements that an individual
commonly performs. ):
Haptic Technology
Moment
• When making movements, a stimulus is received through the sensory receptors
• and transmitted to the brain. After processing, the brain tell appropriate
• muscle to respond. The movement time is dependent on the physical character-
• istics of the subjects.
• The reaction time varies according to the sensory channel through which the
stimulus is received.
• Accuracy is a second measure of motor skill. A fast respond does not always
• mean a less accurate response.
• The time taken to hit a target is a function of
• the size of the target and the distance that has to be moved
Human memory

• We can distinguish 3 types of memory:

• sensory buffers,
• short-term memory (or working memory)
• long-term memory.
Short-term memory
• STM is used to store information which is only required fleetingly.(for
a very short time.)
• STM can be accessed rapidly, however, also decays rapidly.
• It has a limited capacity.Miller stated the 7+/-2 rule, which means
that humans can store 5-9 chunks of information.
• Chunks can be single items or groups of items, like 2 digits of a
• telephone number grouped together. Patterns can be useful as aids to
memory
Long-term memory

• LTM differs from STM in various ways. It has an unlimited capacity, a

slow access time and forgetting occurs more slowly or not at all.
• Information is stored here from the STM through rehearsal.
 Thinking: reasoning and problem
solving
• Thinking can require different amounts of knowledge
• Thinking can be divided in
• Reasoning and problem solving.
• Reasoning:
• Reasoning is the process by which we use the knowledge and we have to draw conclusions or infer
something new about the domain of interest.
• There are different types of reasoning:
• Deductive
• Inductive
• Abductive.
• Deduction: Deductive reasoning derives the logically necessary conclusion from the given premises.
• Induction: Inductive reasoning is generalizing (making broad statment)from cases we have seen to infer
information about cases we have not seen.
• Abduction: Abduction reasons is used to derive explanations for the events we observe.
•Thinking: reasoning
Thinking can and problem
require different amountssolving
of knowledge
• Thinking can be divided in
• Reasoning and problem solving.
• Reasoning:
• Reasoning is the process by which we use the knowledge and we have to draw conclusions or
infer something new about the domain of interest.
• There are different types of reasoning:
• Deductive
• Inductive
• Abductive.
• Deduction: Deductive reasoning derives the logically necessary conclusion from the given
premises.
• Induction: Inductive reasoning is generalizing (making broad statment)from cases we have see
to infer information about cases we have not seen.
• Abduction: Abduction reasons is used to derive explanations for the events we observe.
Problem solving
• Problem solving is the process of finding a solution of an unfamiliar case, using
• (adapting) the knowledge we have.
•
• There are different views on problem solving:
• Gestalt theory: The Gestalt theory states that problem solving is both
• productive and reproductive
• Problem space theory: The problem space comprises problem states
• and problem solving involves generating these states
• People use these to move from the initial state to the
• goal state.
• Use of analogy: Problems are solved by mapping knowledge relating to
• a similar known
Emotion

• Emotion involves both physical and cognitive events.

• Our body responds biologically to an external stimulus and we
interpret that in some way as a particular emotion.
• That biological response changes the way we deal with different
situations and this has an impact on the way we interact with
computer systems
Psychology and the design of interactive systems

• Models to support design

• Psychological analysis has led to the development of
analytic(pertaining to or proceeding by analysis ) and predictive
models of user behavior. (detail study in unit 3)
• Techniques for evaluation
• Psychology that provides a range of empirical(concerned with)
techniques which we can employ to evaluate designs and
systems(detail study in unit 3)