DRUGS

PRESCRIBED FOR
MENTAL ILLNESS
Presented By : Group 10
 INTRODUCTION
Mental health refers to a person's emotional,
psychological, and social well-being, affecting how
they think, feel, and act. It also influences how
individuals handle stress, relate to others, and make
choices.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines
mental health as "a state of well-being in which every
individual realizes his or her own potential can cope
with the normal stresses of life, can work productively
and fruitfully, and is able to contribute to his or her 1
community." World Health Organization, 2021
 TYPES OF MENTAL
I. Mood Disorders
ILLNESS
1.Major Depressive Disorder
• A severe form of depression that affects daily functioning, characterized by
persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in previously
enjoyed activities.
1.Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
• A chronic form of depression that lasts for at least two years, with symptoms
less severe than major depression but still impactful.
1. Bipolar Disorder (includes Bipolar I and Bipolar II)
• A mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings, including emotional
highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).
1.Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
2
• A type of depression that occurs at specific times of the year, typically during
the winter months when sunlight exposure is reduced
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
 TYPES OF MENTAL
II. Anxiety Disorders ILLNESS
1.Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• Excessive and uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life, often
accompanied by physical symptoms like restlessness and fatigue.
1. Panic Disorder
• Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, which are sudden periods of intense fear
or discomfort, often leading to ongoing worry about future attacks.
1.Social Anxiety Disorder
• An intense fear of social situations where one might be judged or embarrassed,
leading to avoidance of such situations.
1.Specific Phobias
• An irrational fear of a specific object or situation, causing significant anxiety
and avoidance behavior. 3
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
 TYPES OF MENTAL
ILLNESS
III. Psychotic Disorder
1.Schizophrenia
• A severe mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking,
perception, emotions, language, and sense of self, often involving
hallucinations and delusions.
1.Schizoaffective Disorder
• A condition that includes symptoms of schizophrenia and mood
disorder symptoms (either depressive or manic).
1.Brief Psychotic Disorder
• A short-term period of psychotic behavior, often triggered by stress,
lasting less than a month.
4
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
 TYPES OF MENTAL
IV. Personality Disorder
ILLNESS
1.Borderline Personality Disorder
• A disorder characterized by unstable moods, behavior, and
relationships, often leading to impulsivity and emotional instability.
1.Antisocial Personality Disorder
• A pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, often
involving deceit and manipulation.
1.Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• A disorder marked by an inflated sense of self-importance, a need for
excessive admiration, and a lack of empathy for others.
1.Avoidant Personality Disorder
• A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and
hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. 5
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
 TYPES OF MENTAL
ILLNESS
V. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related
1.Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Disorders
• A condition characterized by unwanted, intrusive thoughts
(obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) performed to
alleviate anxiety.
1.Body Dysmorphic Disorder
• A preoccupation with perceived flaws in physical appearance that are
not noticeable to others, leading to significant distress and
impairment.
1.Hoarding Disorder
• A persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, 6
regardless ofNational Institute
their actual of Mental
value, Health
resulting in (NIMH)
clutter that disrupts living
 TYPES OF MENTAL
VI. ILLNESS
Trauma- and Stressor-Related
Disorders
1.Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• A disorder that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a
traumatic event, characterized by flashbacks, avoidance of
reminders, and heightened arousal.
1.Acute Stress Disorder
• Similar to PTSD, but occurs within three days to one month
after a traumatic event, with symptoms that may include
intrusive thoughts and severe anxiety.
7
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
 TYPES OF MENTAL
ILLNESS
VII. Eating Disorders
1.Anorexia Nervosa
• An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation, extreme weight
loss, and an intense fear of gaining weight.
1.Bulimia Nervosa
• Involves cycles of binge eating followed by purging behaviors, such as
vomiting or excessive exercise, to prevent weight gain.
1.Binge Eating Disorder
• A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large
quantities of food, often rapidly and to the point of discomfort,
accompanied by feelings of loss of control. 8
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
 TYPES OF MENTAL
ILLNESSDisorders
VIII. Neurodevelopmental
1.Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• A disorder marked by persistent patterns of inattention and/or
hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.
1.Autism Spectrum Disorder
• A developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior,
characterized by challenges with social interaction and restricted or
repetitive behaviors.

9
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
 TYPES OF MENTAL
ILLNESS
IX. Substance-Related and Addictive
Disorders
1.Alcohol Use Disorder
• A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to significant impairment
or distress, characterized by cravings, loss of control, and withdrawal
symptoms.
1. Opioid Use Disorder
• A condition involving the misuse of opioid drugs, leading to significant
impairment or distress, including cravings and withdrawal.

10
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
 TYPES OF MENTAL
X. Dissociative ILLNESS
Disorders
1.Dissociative Identity Disorder
• A disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct
personality states or identities, each with its own pattern of perceiving
and interacting with the world.
1.Dissociative Amnesia
• A condition marked by the inability to recall important personal
information, usually related to a traumatic or stressful event

11
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
MEDICATIONS
MEDICATIONS
Anti-depressant

a. SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

• Action: Inhibits serotonin reuptake, increasing serotonin availability in the synaptic
cleft.
• Indication: Major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder,
PTSD, social anxiety disorder.
• Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, use with MAOIs, concurrent use of pimozide.
• Pregnancy Category: C (risk cannot be ruled out).
• Adverse Effects: Serotonin syndrome, increased risk of suicidal thoughts in children
and adolescents.
• Side Effects: Nausea, diarrhea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction.
• Midwifery Considerations: Monitor for mood changes and discuss potential neonatal
adaptation syndrome if used during pregnancy.
12
• Koren, G., et al. (2021). American Journal of Psychiatry.
MEDICATIONS
Anti-depressant

b. SNRIs (Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors)

• Action: Inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
• Indication: Major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic
disorder.
• Contraindications: Uncontrolled hypertension, hypersensitivity, use with
MAOIs.
• Pregnancy Category: C (risk cannot be ruled out).
• Adverse Effects: Increased blood pressure, serotonin syndrome.
• Side Effects: Nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, sweating.
• Midwifery Considerations: Monitor blood pressure and discuss potential
withdrawal symptoms in newborns.
13
• Lader, M. (2019). European Psychiatry.
MEDICATIONS

Antipsychotics
Atypical Antipsychotics
• Action: Blocks dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, leading to
decreased dopaminergic activity.
• Indication: Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, irritability associated with autism.
• Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, history of metabolic syndrome, concurrent
use of other antipsychotics.
• Pregnancy Category: C (risk cannot be ruled out).
• Adverse Effects: Weight gain, metabolic syndrome, tardive dyskinesia.
• Side Effects: Sedation, dizziness, dry mouth.
• Midwifery Considerations: Monitor for metabolic changes and potential
impacts on breastfeeding.
14
• Dold, M., & Kasper, S. (2021). "Atypical Antipsychotics: An Overview." American Journal of Psychiatry.
MEDICATIONS

Anxiolytics
Benzodiazepines
• Action: Enhances the effect of GABA, leading to sedative, anxiolytic, and muscle
relaxant effects.
• Indication: Anxiety disorders, insomnia, preoperative sedation.
• Contraindications: Severe respiratory insufficiency, acute narrow-angle
glaucoma, hypersensitivity.
• Pregnancy Category: D (positive evidence of risk).
• Adverse Effects: Sedation, dependence, withdrawal symptoms.
• Side Effects: Dizziness, confusion, ataxia.
• Midwifery Considerations: Use cautiously during pregnancy; monitor for
neonatal withdrawal symptoms.
15
• Raffa, R. B. (2021). "Benzodiazepines: Safety and Efficacy." Current Medical Research and Opinion.
MEDICATIONS

Mood Stabilizers
Lithium
• Action: Alters sodium transport in nerve and muscle cells, stabilizing mood.
• Indication: Bipolar disorder, particularly for manic and mixed episodes.
• Contraindications: Renal impairment, sodium depletion, hypersensitivity.
• Pregnancy Category: D (positive evidence of risk).
• Adverse Effects: Toxicity (narrow therapeutic index), weight gain, thyroid
dysfunction.
• Side Effects: Nausea, diarrhea, tremors, polyuria.
• Midwifery Considerations: Regular monitoring of serum lithium levels; discuss
potential effects on fetal development.

16
• Yatham, L. N., et al. (2020). "Lithium in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Review." The Lancet Psychiatry.
MEDICATIONS

Stimulants
Amphetamines
• Action: Increases the release of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain.
• Indication: ADHD, narcolepsy.
• Contraindications: Cardiovascular disease, history of substance use disorder,
use of MAOIs.
• Pregnancy Category: C (risk cannot be ruled out).
• Adverse Effects: Increased heart rate, hypertension, potential for abuse.
• Side Effects: Insomnia, decreased appetite, anxiety.
• Midwifery Considerations: Monitor cardiovascular health; discuss risks during
pregnancy and breastfeeding.

17
• Wilens, T. E., et al. (2021). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.
MEDICATIONS

Cognitive Enhancers
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
• Action: Inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, increasing acetylcholine levels
in the brain.
• Indication: Alzheimer's disease.
• Contraindications: Hypersensitivity.
• Pregnancy Category: C (risk cannot be ruled out).
• Adverse Effects: Gastrointestinal bleeding, bradycardia, syncope.
• Side Effects: Nausea, insomnia, muscle cramps.
• Midwifery Considerations: Monitor for gastrointestinal issues and discuss risks
during pregnancy.

18
• Salloway, S., et al. (2021). "Donepezil in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review." American Journal of Psychiatry
MEDICATIONS

Substance Use Disorder Medications

Naltrexone
• Action: Opioid receptor antagonist that blocks the euphoric effects of opioids.
• Indication: Alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder.
• Contraindications: Current opioid use, hypersensitivity, acute hepatitis or liver
failure.
• Pregnancy Category: C (risk cannot be ruled out).
• Adverse Effects: Hepatotoxicity, risk of opioid overdose in opioid-dependent
patients.
• Side Effects: Nausea, headache, dizziness.
• Midwifery Considerations: Monitor liver function and discuss the impact on
breastfeeding.
19
• Volpicelli, J. R., et al. (2019). "Naltrexone in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.
CASE ANALYSIS
 CASE ANALYSIS
Pregnant Woman with Bipolar Disorder and Generalized Anxiety
Disorder
INTRODUCTION

I. PERSONAL DATA III. MEDICAL HISTORY

Name: Jessica Morales 1. Bipolar disorder (treated with lithium).
Age: 32 years old 2. Generalized anxiety disorder (treated with
Occupation: Consultation - WFH sertraline).
LMP: May 24, 2024 3. No significant surgical history.
AOG: 18 weeks
EDC: March 01, 2025
IV. Medication History:
II. PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT - Lithium: 300 mg twice daily.
BP: 120/80 - Sertraline: 50 mg daily.
Temp: 36.7 C - Prenatal vitamins started at conception.
PR: 82 bpm (slightly elevated)
RR: 18 bPm 20
 CASE ANALYSIS
Pregnant Woman with Bipolar Disorder and Generalized Anxiety
Disorder
PRESENTATION OF MAIN FINDINGS
Mental Health Assessment:
During her obstetric appointment, Jessica reports feeling more anxious than usual since
becoming pregnant. She expresses worries about her mood stability, the potential effects
of her medications on her fetus, and the fear of postpartum mood disorders. She mentions
having a few mild hypomanic episodes in the past, but has been stable for the last year.

Psychiatric Evaluation:
- Anxiety Symptoms: Jessica describes persistent worries about parenting, particularly
managing her mental health while raising a child. She rates her anxiety as a 6 out of 10.
- Mood Symptoms: No current depressive symptoms reported; she feels her mood is
generally stable.

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 CASE ANALYSIS
Pregnant Woman with Bipolar Disorder and Generalized Anxiety
Disorder
DRUGS STUDY

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 CASE ANALYSIS
Pregnant Woman with Bipolar Disorder and Generalized Anxiety
Disorder
DRUGS STUDY

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THANK YOU
Presented By : GROUP 10