CHAPTER 5: THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

LESSON CONTENTS:
5.1. AREA
5.2. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
5.3. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL AND AREA
5.4. PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
5.5. EVALUATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
9.9 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
5.6. MEAN VALUE THEOREM FOR INTEGRALS
5.7. THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

ENGR. ALJON G. LANGUING

INSTRUCTOR
5.1. AREA
The area of a region is a measure of its size. A
rectangle of length I and width w has area A = l • w. The area of a
triangle of base b and altitude h is just bh. Similarly, we may
obtain the area of a polygon simply by decomposing it into
triangles and adding the areas of the component parts. Moreover,
we readily see that the area of a polygon is independent of the
way in which the polygon is cut up into triangles.

Suppose we have an irregularly shaped region in

the plane, such as the one shown in Fig. 1. How do we go about
defining its area? The process is rather complicated and depends
intrinsically on the idea of limit, which we have previously learned.
5.1. AREA
We start-with the notion of a square grid. The entire
plane is divided into squares by constructing equally spaced
lines parallel to the coordinate axes. Figure 2 shows a square
grid with squares unit on each side, and Fig.3 shows a square
grid with squares unit on each side. We always select the
coordinate axes themselves as lines of the grid, and then the
size of the squares determines the location of an other grid
lines.

We may have a grid with squares of any size, but for convenience we consider only
grids of size , , , . …, , …, where n is any positive integer. We obtain a sequence of grids
with the property that the lines of any grid in the sequence are also lines in all the grids
farther along in the sequence.
5.1. AREA
We want to define the area of an irregularly shaped
region R, such as the one shown in Fig.4. We begin by
constructing a square grid (one of our sequence of grids) in
the plane. All the squares of this grid can be divided into
three types: (1) squares which are completely inside the
region R; (2) squares which have some points in the region
and some points not in the region; (3) squares which are
completely outside the region.

AXIOM C ( AXIOM OF CONTINUITY) Suppose that a sequence a1, a2, . . . ., an, . . Has the
properties (1) an+1 foe all n, and (2) there is a number M such that an M for all n. Then there
is a number b M such that:

for all n.
5.1. AREA
The Axiom of Continuity is also known as the Completeness Axiom for the real
numbers.
Figure 8 shows the situation. The numbers a n move steadily to the right, and yet
they can never get beyond M. It is reasonable to have an axiom which states that there
must be some number b (perhaps M itself) toward which the a n cluster. Axiom C is usually
stated in the form: Every bounded, nondecreasing sequence of numbers tends to a
limit. A similar statement holds if the sequence is bounded and nonincreasing.

We have seen that the development of the derivative is helped greatly by

the use of special symbols for the derivative and the differential. We now introduce
symbols for sums which will not only help in deriving formulas for the area but will prove
to be useful in other topics.
5.1. AREA
The sum of seven terms,
a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 + a7,
can be written in abbreviated form using a special symbol. The Greek letter sigma and
certain subscripts
7 are combined in the following way,
∑ 𝑎 𝑖means a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 + a7
𝑖 =1

We read it: "the sum from 1 to 7 of a sub i." The lower number (1 in this case) indicates
where the sum starts, and the upper number (7 in this case) indicates where it ends. The
8
expression
∑ 𝑏𝑖
𝑖= 3 means b3 + b4 + b5 + b6 + b7 + b8

The symbol i is a “dummy” symbol (called the index of summation), since

8

∑𝑏
means
k b 3 + b 4 + b 5 + b 6 + b 7 + b8
𝑖= 3

which is exactly the same thing.

5.1. AREA
Carrying the process one-step further, we have

= 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 and

= - 2 3 + 63

The summation notation, as it is called, is of great help in manipulating

sums. As an example, consider

= 2 ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6)

¿∑
2 𝑖 𝑖 =1
5.1. AREA
More generally, we have the rule that for any sum

where the symbol means that the sum starts with a, and ends with a n. The number at the
bottom is called the lower limit of the sum and the number at the top the upper limit. We also
have
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

∑ (𝑎𝑘+ 𝑏𝑘)=¿ ∑ 𝑎 𝑘+ ∑ 𝑏 𝑘¿
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

Example : Evaluate the sum

100
1
∑ 𝑘 2+ 𝑘
𝑘=1
 5.2. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Suppose that f is a function defined on an interval [a,b]. We make a subdivision of
this interval by introducing n – 1 intermediate points; call them x1, x2, x3, ..., xn-1 (Fig. 9).
These points are not necessarily equally spaced. Letting x0 = a and xn = b, we see that
there are exactly n subintervals. Since it is convenient to have a symbol for such a
subdivision, we shall use the Greek letter for this purpose. That is, stands for the process
of introducing n - 1 points between a and b. The subdivision can be made in an infinite
variety of ways for each value of n and can also be made for every positive integer n.
However, we will simply use the symbol to indicate such a subdivision without attempting
to describe the way in which it is made. We now introduce the important symbol ix

i x = xi – xi-1 length of ith subinterval in the subdivision

These are exactly n subintervals, and among them there is always one which is largest.
(Of course there may be several of equal size.) We introduce

= length of largest subinterval in the subdivision

 5.2. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
This quantity is called the norm of the subdivision. when we want to know how "fine"
a subdivision is, the norm , the maximum distance between points, is a measure of this
“fineness”. For example, if a = 2, b = 5, and = 0.05, we know that n has to be at least 60.
This reasoning holds because it takes 60 intervals of length 0.05 to add up to b-a = 3. Of
course could be 0.05 and n = 100, with many points quite close together and only one or
two intervals actually of length 0.05.
in each of the subintervals of a subdivision we select a point. Such a selection may
be made in any way whatsoever. Let be the point selected in [x0, x1]; let be the point in [x1,
x2], and, in general, let be the point in [xk-1, xk]. See Fig. 10

We now form the sum

+...
+ +...
 5.2. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
We can abbreviate this to
+. . . .+ + . . . + , 𝒏
and even further, by using the summation notation, to: ∑ 𝒇 (𝝃 𝒌¿)∆ kx¿
𝒌=𝟏
This sum is called a Riemann Sum.

DEFINITION: A function f is said to be integrable on the interval [a,b] if there is a number A

with the following property; for each there is a such that
𝒏

∑ 𝒇 (𝝃 𝒌¿)∆ k x¿ | - A|<
𝒌=𝟏

for every subdivision with || ||< and for any choices of the and [x k-1, xk]
 5.2. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
A simpler but less precise way of writing the above definition nevertheless
gives the idea of what is happening:
𝒏
lim
¿|∆|∨→ 𝟎
∑ 𝒇 (𝝃 𝒌¿)∆ k x = 𝑨¿
𝒌=𝟏

The lack of precision comes about because, for any given value of the norm, ||||, the can
vary greatly and the can wander throughout the subinterval. This limiting process is quite
different from the one we studied earlier.
It is natural to ask if there are several possible values for the number A in any
particular case. It can be shown that if there is a number A which satisfies the definition, then
it is unique. There cannot be two different values.
DEFINITION: The number A in the above definition is called the definite integral of f from a
to b and is denoted by:
 5.2. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
The function f is the integrand, and the numbers a and b are the lower and
upper limits of integration, respectively. The letter x is the variable of integration. This is
a “dummy“ variable and may be replaced by any other letter (although to prevent confusion
we would avoid using, a, b, d, or f for the variable of integration).
In order to gain further insight into the process of integration we use a
method of selecting special sums of the type which appear in the definition of integral.
Suppose that f is a continuous function on a closed interval [a,b]. The first theorem in
Chapter 4 states that there is a place in [a,b] where f has a largest value and another place
where f has a smallest value (Extreme Value Theorem). Starting with this fact, we make a
subdivision of the interval [a, b]. That is,
is { a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . < xn-1 < xn = b}

Since f is continuous on [x0, x1 ], there is a point on this subinterval, call it ,

where f has a minimum value and a point, call it , where f has a maximum value. On [x 1,x2] f
is continuous. Let be the places where f has minimum and maximum values, respectively.
 5.2. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
See Fig.11. Continue this process. The values are
respectively the places where f has a minimum and
maximum values on the interval [xk-1, xk]. In this way
corresponding to the subdivision we get two sums:

We abbreviate this even further by writing:

From our method of selection we know that S S () always. But we know even more: since in
each subinterval the function f is always between its minimum and maximum, then for any
choice k in a particular subdivision we always have
5.2. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
That is, the Riemann Sum is always between S S () .
If we can show that S S () tend to the same limit, A , for all possible , with ||
|| 0, then the same will be true for every possible choice of the and therefore for all
subdivisions. The function f will satisfy the definition of integrability.

Example 1: Given that f(x) = x2 and given the subdivision

: { a = x0 = - 1, x1 = -0.6, x2 = - 0.2, x3 = 0.3, x4 = 0.7, x5 = b =
1} ,
find S () and S().
THEOREM 1: If f(x) is defined and increasing (or at least nondecreasing) on the closed
interval a b, then it is integrable there.

THEOREM 2: If f is continuous on [a,b], then it is integrable [a,b].

 5.3. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL AND AREA
Suppose that y = (x) is a function which
happens to lie above the x axis, as shown in Fig. 14. At two
points on the x axis, a and b, vertical lines are drawn. We
shall concern ourselves with the problem of calculating the
area of the region (denoted R) bounded by the x axis, the
vertical lines through a and b, and the graph of the function
f. The fact that three sides of the region are straight line
simplifies the problem. At this stage we assume that the
only kind of region for which we can calculate the area is a
rectangle. The problem seems fairly hopeless until we
realize that we can get an approximate idea of how large
the area is in, the following way.
We make a subdivision of the interval [a,b]
= { a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn = b}
as shown in Fig. 15.
 5.3. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL AND AREA
In each subinterval [xi-1, xi] we choose a point and form the Riemann Sum

where we recall that ix = xi – xi-1. As we note in Fig. 16 each

term f()ix in the above sum is the area of the shaded rectangle
of width ix and height f(). We observe that the sum of all these
shaded areas is an approximation to the area of R.

Figure 16 shows an approximation for six intervals of subdivision. It is natural to

expect that if we take 60 intervals of subdivision, each of them much narrower than the ones
shown, the approximation to the area would be much better. And if we take 600 subintervals, it
would be better still. We recognize that if the function f(x) represents a smooth curve then in
the limit as n we get:
 5.3. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL AND AREA
which measures the area of the region R. we formalize the above discussion into the next
theorem.

THEOREM 1: If f(x) is continuous nonnegative function on [a,b], then the area A of the
region bounded by the x axis, the lines x = a, x = b and the curve y = f(x) is given by:

Example 1: Approximate, by rectangles, the area under

the curve f(x) = x2 if a = 0, b = 1, the number of rectangles
is 5, the subintervals are all equal in size, and the are all
taken at the midpoints of the subintervals. Draw a graph.
Compute the exact area by the antiderivative method.
5.4. PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
THEOREM 4: If c is any number and f is integrable on [a,b], then the function c f(x) is
integrable on [a,b] and :
=c

THEOREM 5: If f(x) and g(x) are integrable on [a,b], then f(x) + g(x) is integrable on [a,b]
and :
= +

THEOREM 6: If f(x) is integrable on an interval [a,b], then f is bounded there.

THEOREM 7: If f(x) is integrable on an interval [a,b] and m and M are numbers such that
m f(x) M for a x b
then it follows that
m(b-a)
5.4. PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
THEOREM 8: If f and g are integrable on an interval [a,b], then f(x) g(x) for each x in [a,b],
then

THEOREM 9: If f(x) is continuous on an interval [a,b] and c is any number in [a,b], then
+
 5.5. EVALUATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
It is apparent from the work in section 3, that the
definite integral is intimately connected with area. In fact,
Theorem 3 states that if f (x) 0 on an interval [a, b] and if it is
integrable there, then

is the area bounded by the lines x = a, x = b, the x axis, and the

curve of y = f (x) (shaded region in Fig. 19). If f(x) is entirely below
the x axis, then the sums

are always negative. If f is integrable on [a, b], this integral will have a negative value.
 5.5. EVALUATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
The value of:

will be the negative of the area bounded by the lines x = a, x = b,

the x axis, and the curve of y = f (x) (shaded region in Fig. 20). If a
function f is partly positive and partly negative on [a, b] so that
there is a point c where it crosses the x axis (see Fig.21), the
value of

Is the difference between the area above the x axis and the area
below it
 5.5. EVALUATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
To obtain the true area of a region such as the shaded one shown in Fig.21, we must first
find the point c where the function f crosses the x axis and compute

Separately. The value of the first integral is positive and that of the second negative. We
add the absolute value of the second integral to the value of the first, and the resulting
quantity is the total area.

THEOREM 10 (FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS, FIRST FORM) : Suppose

that F is continuous and that F’ is integrable on the interval [a,b]. Then

COROLLARY: If F1(x) and F2(x) are antiderivatives of the same function f on the interval
[a,b], then
F1(x) = F2(x) + constant on [a,b]
5.5. EVALUATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
PRACTICE PROBLEMS!!!
Example 1: Evaluate

Example 2: Evaluate

Example 3: Evaluate

Example 4: Evaluate
 5.5. EVALUATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
If the integrand is a complicated function, it may be difficult or even
impossible to get an expression for the antiderivative. In such cases we may be interested in
obtaining an approximate value for the definite integral. The very definition of a definite
integral yields useful methods for finding an approximate value. One such process, which we
shall describe, is called the midpoint rule. We first subdivide the interval of integration into n
equal parts so that each subinterval has length (b-a)/n. That is, we choose ix : (b – a)/n for
every i. In forming the Riemann Sum, we select to be the midpoint of the ith subinterval. The
Riemann Sum then becomes 𝒏 𝒏

∑ 𝒇 (𝝃 𝒊¿)∆ i x = 𝒃−𝒂∑𝒂 𝒇 (𝝃 𝒊¿)¿

𝒊=𝟏
¿
𝒊=𝟏

We use this last sum as an approximation of

Example 5: Using the midpoint rule, compute:
approximately, with n = 5
9.9. NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
THEOREM 8 (TRAPEZOIDAL RULE) Suppose that f(x) is continuous for a x b, and that
{a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn-1 < xn = b} is a subdivision of the interval [a,b] into n equal
subintervals of length h = (b – a)/n. Then

Example 1: Compute the approximate value of

using the Trapezoidal Rule with n = 5. Use four decimal places in the computation and
check the result by integrating and finding the exact value.

THEOREM 9 (Estimate of Error in the Trapezoidal Rule) Suppose that f has two
derivatives for a x b, and M is a number such that |f ”(x)| M for a x b. Then the error ET in
using the Trapezoidal Rule to approximate the integral satisfies.
ET M (b –a)h2 where n is the number of equal subintervals and h = (b –a)/n.
9.9. NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
THEOREM 10 (PRISMOIDAL FORMULA) If f(x) is a polynomial of degree three or less,
then we have the exact formula

Example 2: Evaluate , using the Prismoidal Formula. Check by integration.

THEOREM 11 (SIMPSON’S RULE) Suppose that f(x) is continuous for a x b and {a = x0

< x1 < x2 < . . . < x2n-1 < x2n = b} is a subdivision of [a,b] into 2n equal intervals of length h =
(b – a)/2n. Then
+....
+
9.9. NUMERICAL INTEGRATION

Example 3: Compute the approximate value of

using the Simpson’s Rule with n = 2. Do the calculations with five decimal places.

THEOREM 12 (Estimate of the Error in Simpson’s Rule) Suppose that f has four
derivatives for a x b, and M is a number such that |f iv (x) M for a x b. Then the error ES
in using the Simpson’s Rule to approximate the integral satisfies.
ES M (b –a)h4 where 2n is the number of equal subintervals and h = (b –a)/2n.
 5.6. MEAN VALUE THEOREM FOR INTEGRALS
THEOREM 11 (Intermediate Value Theorem) Suppose that f is continuous on an
interval [a,b] and that f (a) = A, f (b) = B. If C is any number between A and B, there
is a number c between a and b such that f(c) = C.
Figure 23 shows a typical , function defined on
[a, b] with f(a) = A, f (b) = B. We give a geometrical
interpretation of Theorem 11: If C is any point on the y axis
between A and B and we draw the line y = C, then this line
must intersect the curve representing y = f(x). Furthermore, the
x value of the point of intersection is in the interval (a, b).
Figure 23 shows the intersection which occurs when x = c. That
is, we have f(c) = C. Intuitively, the theorem asserts that if the
function is continuous and if it extends from a point below the
line y = C to a point above the line y = C, it must cross this line.
Note that for some values of C (say C’, as shown in Fig.23)
there may be several possible values of c. The theorem says
that there is always at least one.
 5.6. MEAN VALUE THEOREM FOR INTEGRALS
If the function is not continuous the theorem is false, as the following example shows.
Define
x2 + 1, 0x 1
f(x) = { , 1 x 2

The graph of this function is shown in Fig.24. If we select a = 0,

b = 2, then f (0) = 1, f(2) = 0, and A = 1, B = 0. We see that if C
is chosen so that < C < 1, there is no value of c such that f(c) =
C. The function never assumes any value between and 1. The
discontinuity at x = 1 causes the trouble.

Another example in which Theorem 11 fails is given by the function (Fig.25)

f(x) = , x 3, f(3) = L
 5.6. MEAN VALUE THEOREM FOR INTEGRALS
where L is any number. As the graph shows, f is not continuous
at x = 3. Any interval [a,b] which contains 3 will have values C
for which we cannot find numbers c such that f (c) = C. If a = 1,
b = 4,then f( 1) = - , f(4) = 1, and a value of C = which is
between A = - , B = 1 is taken on only when.

= or x=5

Fig.25
Then f(5) = , but 5 is not in the interval [1,4], and Theorem 11 is not applicable.

Example 1: Given the function f(x) = (x-1)/(x2 + 1), a = 0, b = 2. Select a value of C

between the A and B of the Intermediate Value Theorem and verify the validity of the
result.
 5.6. MEAN VALUE THEOREM FOR INTEGRALS
THEOREM 12 (Mean Value Theorem for Integrals) If f is continuous on a closed interval
with endpoints a and b, there is a number between a and b (i.e., in [a,b] such that
𝑏

∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥= 𝑓 ( 𝜉 ) (𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑎

Example 2: Find the value of such that

where f(x) = x2 – 2x + 1

THEOREM 13 (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Second Form) Suppose that f is

continuous on an interval [a,b] and c is some number in this interval. Define the function F
by
F(x) =
 5.6. MEAN VALUE THEOREM FOR INTEGRALS
For each x in the interval (a,b). Then:
F ‘(x) = f(x)
Example 3: Find the value of
3

∫ ( 𝑥 3+3 𝑥 2+ 𝑥 ) 2 ( 3 𝑥 2+ 6 𝑥+1 ) 𝑑𝑥
0

Example 4: Evaluate
2

∫ |𝑥 + 1| 𝑑𝑥
−2
5.7. THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL. INTEGRATION
BY SUBSTITUTION
To evaluate the definite integral of a function, we must first obtain an
antiderivative of the function and then substitute the appropriate limits of integration into
this antiderivative. Every function has an infinite number of antiderivatives, since a
constant of any size may be added to one antiderivative to yield another. A common
notation used for all the antiderivatives of a function is:

∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
in which there are no upper and lower limits. This is called the indefinite integral of f. For
example, the formula for the antiderivative of x n, n rational, is written

𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ ( 𝑥 𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑥= 𝑛+1 +𝐶 1𝑛 ≠ − 1
where the constant C is the constant of integration.
 5.7. THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL. INTEGRATION
BY SUBSTITUTION
The following seemingly trivial variation of the above formula has many useful
consequences. We write
𝑢 𝑛+ 1
∫ (𝑢 𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑢= 𝑛+ 1 + 𝐶 , 𝑛 ≠ − 1
True, this is the same formula. However, according to the Chain Rule, we know that

𝑑 (
𝑢 𝑛+1
𝑛+1
=𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 )
Holds if u is any function of x. Schematically we write
( 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑛+1
∫ ( 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ) 𝑛 𝑑 ( 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )= 𝑛+1
+𝐶
 5.7. THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL. INTEGRATION
BY SUBSTITUTION
PRACTICE PROBLEMS!!!!!

∫ (3 𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥
Example 1: Find
7

∫ (𝑥2+1) 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Example 2: Find
5/2

∫ ( 𝑥 +1 ) ( 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥 +2 )1/ 3 𝑑𝑥
Example 3: Evaluate
1

0
Example 4: Evaluate
∫ 𝑥 √ 2 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥
−2
 5.7. THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL. INTEGRATION
BY SUBSTITUTION
Change of Variables Formula:. 𝑏 𝑢 (𝑏 )

∫ 𝑓 [ 𝑢 ( 𝑥 ) ] 𝑢′ ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑢) 𝑑 𝑢(1)
𝑎 𝑢 ( 𝑎)

THEOREM 14: Suppose that u and u' are continuous functions defined on [a,b] and that f is
continuous on an interval [c,d]. Suppose, also, that the range of u is in (c, d). Then the above
substitution formula (1) holds.
STANDARD INTEGRAL OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

𝐴.∫ cos𝑢𝑑𝑢=sin𝑢+𝐶 𝐷.∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝑢 𝑑𝑢=cot𝑢+𝐶

𝐵.∫ sin𝑢𝑑𝑢=−cos𝑢+𝐶 𝐸. ∫ sec𝑢 tan𝑢𝑑𝑢=sec 𝑢+𝐶
𝐶 .∫ sec 2𝑢𝑑𝑢=tan 𝑢+𝐶 𝐹 . ∫ csc𝑢cot𝑢 𝑑𝑢=−csc𝑢+𝐶
5.7. THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL. INTEGRATION
BY SUBSTITUTION

PRACTICE PROBLEMS!!!!!

Example 5: Find

∫ sin 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2(2 𝑥 − 3)
Example 6: Find

Example 7: Evaluate 𝜋
4

∫ sin 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0