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Urinary System

The document provides an overview of the anatomy and histology of the urinary system, detailing its components, functions, and the processes involved in urine formation. It describes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, along with the nephron as the functional unit of the kidney, including its structure and types. Additionally, it explains urine formation mechanisms such as glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and secretion.

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zainzulfiqar0410
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3 views

Urinary System

The document provides an overview of the anatomy and histology of the urinary system, detailing its components, functions, and the processes involved in urine formation. It describes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, along with the nephron as the functional unit of the kidney, including its structure and types. Additionally, it explains urine formation mechanisms such as glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and secretion.

Uploaded by

zainzulfiqar0410
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Anatomy and histology of

urinary system

Muhammad Tahir
Pharm-D, L.L.B., R.Ph. (Pb.),
M.Phil. (Pharmacology)
 CONCEPTS:

 Components of urinary system


 Functions of urinary system
 Histological organization of nephron
 Identify the blood vessels that supply blood to the
nephrons
 Describe the blood flow through and around the
nephron
RENAL SYSTEM
 Is responsible for the creation, storage and
elimination of urine.
 Allows the body to eliminate nitrogenous
wastes, such as urea and uric acid
 Allows the body to adjust its concentrations
of salt by producing dilute or concentrated
urine.
Urinary system contains
Kidneys (2): Filtering out wastes to be excreted in the urine

Ureters (2): Transports urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney
to which it is attached, to the bladder

Urinary bladder:

• Store urine • Expels urine into the urethra (Micturation)

• Micturation – involves both voluntary and involutary muscles.


Urethra: is the passageway through which urine is discharged from
the body
Location of kidney
 The kidneys are a pair of bean-
shaped organs on either side of
your spine, below your ribs and
behind your belly.

 Each kidney is about 4 or 5 inches


long, roughly the size of a large fist
Functions of kidney

 Regulate blood volume, pressure


 Regulate fluid osmolarity
 Secrete renin
 Filter blood plasma, eliminate waste
 Secrete erythropoietin (EPO)
 Regulate PCO2, Acid-Base balance
 Synthesize calcitriol (Vitamin D)
 Detoxify free radicals, drugs
 Gluconeogenesis
Kidney anatomy -external

• Protected by three connective tissue


layers
Renal fascia
Attaches to abdominal wall
Adipose capsule
Fat cushioning kidney

Renal capsule
Fibrous sac
• Gross anatomy
 Renal sinus
 Renal parenchyma

• Renal sinus
 Surrounded by renal parenchyma
 Contains blood & lymph vessels, nerves,
urine-collecting structures
Renal parenchyma

 Glandular tissue
 Forms urine
Two zones

 Outer cortex
 Inner medulla
Renal pyramids

 Extensions of cortex (renal columns) divide medulla into 6 – 10 renal


pyramids
 Pyramid + overlying cortex = Lobe
 Point of pyramid = Papilla
 Papilla nested in cup (minor calyx)
 2 – 3 minor calices Major calyx
 2 – 3 major calices Renal pelvis
SECTIONAL ANATOMY
• Cortex: outer layer, light
• reddish brow, granular appearance (due
to many capillaries)
• Medulla: darker striped
• appearance (due to tubules) Subdivided
into
• distinct renal pyramids, terminating with
a papilla.
• Separated by renal columns from the
Urine formation
• Introduction
• Formation of urine is a process important for the
whole organism. Not only acid-base balance is
modulated by it, but also blood osmolarity, plasma
composition and fluid volume, and thus it
influences all cells in our body.
• A healthy adult person produces 1.5-2 liters of
urine per day and this process involves three
basic mechanisms:
• 1) Glomerular filtration
• 2) Tubular reabsorption
• 3) Tubular secretion
• Glomerular Filtration
• Glomerular filtration occurs as blood passes into
the glomerulus producing a plasma-like filtrate
(minus proteins) that gets captured by the
Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule and funneled
into the renal tubule. This filtrate produced then
becomes highly modified along its route through
the nephron by the following processes, finally
producing urine at the end of the collecting duct.
Tubular Reabsorption

• As the filtrate travels along the length of the nephron, the cells
lining the tubule selectively, and often actively, take substances
from the filtrate and move them out of the tubule into the
blood. Recall that the glomerulus is simply a filter and anything
suspended in the plasma that can fit through the holes in the
filtration membrane can end up in the filtrate. This includes very
physiologically important molecules such as water, sodium,
chloride, and bicarbonate (along with many others) as well as
molecules that the digestive system used a lot of energy to
absorb, such as glucose and amino acids. These molecules
would be lost in the urine if not reclaimed by the tubule cells.
These cells are so efficient that they can reclaim all of the
glucose and amino acids and up to 99% of the water and
important ions lost due to glomerular filtration. The filtrate
that is not reasbsorbed becomes urine at the base of the
collecting duct.
Tubular Secretion

Tubular secretion occurs mostly in the PCT


and DCT where unfiltered substances are
moved from the peritubular capillary into the
lumen of the tubule. Secretion usually
removes substances from the blood that are
too large to be filtered (ex: antibiotics, toxins)
or those that are in excess in the blood (ex:
H+, K+). These substances secreted into the
tubule are destined to leave the body as
components of urine.
Urine
collection
• Ducts within each renal
• papilla release urine
into minor calyx

major calyx

renal

pelvis
Urine formation
 Urine composition
 90-95% water
 Solutes constitute the other 5%
 Metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid, and creatinine)
 Ions (Na+, K+, PO43-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+)
 Toxins and pigments (urochrome)
 Hormones
 Urine characteristics
 Yellow in color
 Slightly aromatic or ammonia odor
 pH slightly acidic (can vary from 4.5 to 8.0)
 Specific gravity 1.001 to 1.035
Nephron –functional unit of
kidney
Functional units of kidney
• ~1.2 million per kidney
• Three main parts
• Blood vessels
• Renal corpuscle
• Renal tubule
Nephron
Anatomy

• Renal /Malpighian Corpuscle


• Glomerulus
• Bowman’s capsule
• Renal Tubules
• Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
• Loop of Henle
• Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Types of nephrons
• Cortical nephrons (85%)
• short nephron loops
• efferent arterioles branch off peritubular
capillaries

• Juxtamedullary nephrons (15%)


• very long nephron loops, maintain salt
gradient, helps conserve water
Ureters
• Carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder via
peristalsis
• Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle
• Enter bladder from lower side
• Pressure from full bladder compresses ureters and
prevents backflow
• Small diameter
• Easily obstructed or injured by kidney stones (renal
calculi)
Female urinary bladder and
urethra

• Located in pelvic cavity, posterior to pubic symphysis


• 3 layers
 Parietal peritoneum, superiorly; fibrous adventitia rest
 Muscularis: detrusor muscle, 3 layers of smooth muscle
 Mucosa: transitional epithelium
• Trigone: Openings of ureters and urethra, triangular
• Rugae: Relaxed bladder wrinkled, highly distensible
• Capacity: Moderately full - 500 ml, max. - 800 ml
Female urethra
 3 to 4 cm long
 External urethral orifice between vaginal
orifice and clitoris
 Internal urethral sphincter detrusor muscle
thickened, smooth muscle, involuntary
control
 External urethral sphincter skeletal muscle,
voluntary control
Male bladder and
urethra

 18 cm long
 Internal urethral sphincter
 External urethral sphincter
 3 regions
 Prostatic urethra during orgasm receives
semen
 Membranous urethra passes through pelvic
cavity
 Spongy/Penile urethra

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