ECEN 423-500

“Computer and Wireless Networks”

Course Materials: Papers, Reference Texts: Bertsekas/Gallager, Stuber, Stallings, etc

Lecture notes and Paper Reading Lists: available on-line as follows:

Class Website:
https://people.engr.tamu.edu/xizhang/ECEN423/index.html

Instructor’s Research & Projects: https://people.engr.tamu.edu/xizhang

Instructor: Professor Xi Zhang

E-mail: [email protected]

1
 Course Introductions and
Contents Overview

Lecture No. 1
 Computer Communications Networks Architecture

Internet
Backbone Base Station
Fixed Host

Wireless Cell Mobile Host

3
 Why Computer and Mobile Wireless
Networks
• Why computer and wireless networking?
– Location independent access to network resources =>
very convenient for mobile users
– Cost effective => no wiring or cable connections
needed
– Group communications oriented => easy to implement
broadcast & Multicast
– Wireless will do to the Internet what laptops did to
computers => future trends of networking & computing
4
Growth of Wireless Networks Users
Wireless Phone Subscribers (in millions)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1991 1993 1995 1997

Source: cellular telecom. I ndus. Assn.

Wireless Data Subscriber (in millions)

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
5
Source: Strategis Market Res.
 Wireless Internet Wi-Fi Hotspots Space

• It is one of the fastest growing industry sectors

– More than 1,000,000 public hotspots by 2007~2008
• Almost notebooks will have automatically
embedded Wi-Fi card
• Go and check the local hotspots online
– www.ezgoal.com/hotspots/

6
 The Course Description
• Only recommended (required) textbooks for this
course, but many classic/recent research papers
• Read and discuss
– your class participation counts
• practice what you have learned
– get your hands dirty: do several term projects
– try to write up research papers
• Tips of taking this class
– You are expected to be prepared for each lecture by
reading the paper BEFORE coming to the lecture
7
 Prerequisites
• Basic knowledge of calculus
• Programming experiences
– familiar with C/C++/UNIX
– useful reference books:
• “Internetworking with TCP/IP, Vol’s I, II, III” by
Doug Comer
• “TCP/IP Illustrated, Vol’s 1 & 2” by Stevens

8
 Course Components
• Part-I
– Internet architecture and design philosophy
• Part-II
– Wireless communications & networks systems
designs
• Part-III
– Hybrid wireline and wireless networks

9
 Start with Internet Architectures

Overview/Review:
• Internet protocol stack
• TCP/IP protocol
• IP and routing algorithms
• MAC/Data link protocol
• PHY layer algorithms

10
Protocol Stack (Internet Philosophy)
• Wireless Web, Location
Independent Services, etc.
Application Layer
 Content adaptation,
Consistency, File systems

Middleware and OS  Wireless TCP

 Mobility, Routing, Ad Hoc

Transport Layer Networks
 QoS

o Scheduling, Ch. Allocations

Network Layer o MAC/PHY Cross-Layer

Link & PHY Layers 11

Packet Switched Networks
• Hosts send data in packets
• network supports all data
communication services by delivering
Host Host
packets video Application

– Web, email, multimedia

Host

Web

Host Host

email
12
One network application example

[email protected] [email protected]
msg

13
What is happening inside ?

[email protected] email
[email protected]
msg
Transport Transport
protocol protocol
Network
Network protocol Network
protocol protocol
Network
protocol
Physical net physical net
Physical net 14
Layered Network Architecture
• network consists of geographically
distributed hosts and switches (nodes)
• Nodes communicate with each other
by standard protocols
A C
host switch
A B C

B
D physical connectivity

network topology Protocol layers

15
a picture of protocol layers
A Application (data)

header data
Transport segment
header DATA
network packet
header DATA tail
Ethernet frame
B
physical connectivity

What’s in the header: info needed for the protocol’s function

16
 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• IP Protocol: Inter-networking protocol
– RFC791
• TCP Protocol: reliable transport protocol
– RFC793

17
 The picture of the world
according to IP
application protocols
TCP UDP transport
transport layer protocols
(end-to-end)

universal datagram delivery IP inter-network layer

subnets
hardware-specific
network technologies ethernet token-ring FDDI dialup ATM

18
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
• a transport protocol
– IP delivers packets “from door to door”
– TCP provides full-duplex, reliable byte-
stream delivery between two application
processes
Application process Application process

More terminology: Write Read

• TCP segment bytes bytes

• Max. segment
TCP TCP
size (MSS)
Send buffer Receive buffer

segment segment 19
TCP: major functionalities
• Header format
• Connection Management
• Open, close
• State management
• Reliability management
• Flow and Congestion control
• Flow control: Do not flood the receiver’s
buffer
• Congestion control: Do not stress the
network by sending too much too fast

20
 TCP header format
0 16 31

IP header

source port destination port

Data sequence number

acknowledgment number
u a p r s f
Hlen unused r c s s y i window size
g k h t n n
checksum urgent pointer
Options (viable length)

data

21
 opening a connection:
three-way hand-shake

client
open request(x)
server

Passive open

ack(x+1) + request(y)
ack(y+1) enter estab. state
(now in estab. state)

22
TCP’s Two Major Functional Components
• [1] Flow control and congestion control
– Refer to a set of techniques enabling a data source to match
its transmission rate to the currently available service rate at
the receiver and in the networks.
– Flow Control Mechanism Design Ceriteria
» Simple to implement and use least network resources
» Scales well as the network size increases
» Must be stable and converging to equilibriums
• [2] Error Control and Loss Recovery
– Refer to a set of techniques to detect and correct data losses
– Two levels of error control
» Bit-level: inversion of 0 bit to 1, or 1 bit to 0, also called bit corruption =>
often occur over the mobile and wireless networks
» Packet-level: packet loss, duplications, reordering => often occur and be
treated at higher layer protocol, such as TCP, over wired networks.
» Erasure error: the information about the positions of error/loss is
available for error control => packet level loss usually be treated as
erasure loss by using sequence number.

23
Classification of Flow Control Mechanisms

• Open-loop control scheme

– Flow control function is achieved without using
feedback via the closed-loop channel.
• Closed-loop flow control scheme
– Flow control adapt its transmission rate to the bottleneck
available bandwidth according to the feedback through the
closed-loop channel
» Window-based scheme vs. Rate-based schemes
» Explicit scheme vs. Implicit scheme
» End-to-end scheme vs. Hop-by-Hop scheme
• Hybrid schemes
– Mixing open-loop flow control with closed-loop scheme

24
TCP Flow Control Categories and Principles

• Flow control categories

– Implicit,
– Window-based,
– End-to-End scheme.
• TCP Hahoe
– Use timeout to detect packet loss and congestions
• TCP Reno
– Use triple-duplicate ACK to same sequence number and
timeouts to detect packet loss and congestions
– Use fast retransmissions and fast recovery
» Skip Slow Start phase
• TCP Vegas
– Use expected and measured throughputs to detect
congestions
25