GENERAL

INTRODUCTION TO
AUTOMOBILES
AUTOMOBILE Definition :
• A SELF-PROPELLED vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine, used for
transportation of passengers and goods on ground.
• ‘Auto mobile’ means one which itself can move.
• Engine supplies power which is delivered by the transmission system to the wheels
through clutch and gear box.
Components of an automobile:
• Basic structure / Chassis
• Superstructure / Body
• Power unit / Engine
• Transmission system
• Auxiliaries
• Controls
History of Automobile :
1769 -70 :
• First road vehicle propelled by its own power_steam.
• A wheel vehicle
• By a French engineer Captain Nicholas Joseph Cugnot.
• Attained a speed of 2.5 m.p.h.
• 1805 : Oliver Evans – Evans Amphibian, Philadelphia, America. A four Wheeler
body flat boat shape.
• 1827 : Modern automotive differential patented by watchmaker Onésiphore Pecqueur in
France for the use on a steam cart.
• 1832 : First 3-speed Transmission patented by W.H. James in England.
• 1885 : Benz developed tricycle propelled by an internal combustion
engine in Germany. _ high speed I C Engine
• 1895-1902 : Stanley Steamer & White Steam Car_ 160 Km/hr.
• 1891
• 1893 : First 4-wheeler made in America.

• 1895 : Henry Ford

• 1897 : First car arrived in India

• 1911 : First electric self-starter installed in the automobile.
• 1935 : Sir M V _ established Automobile Industry_ HM Motors, PAL
• Recent developments in past few years have made the vehicle
- safer, easier to drive, comfortable, fuel efficient & more
reliable.
VEHICLES MANUFACTURED IN INDIA
In India, first motor car appeared in 1897.
In 1943 & 1944 Hindustan Motor Limited, Calcutta & Premier Automobiles Limited,
Bombay were set up in India.
• Car Manufacturers in India :
1. Hyundai Motors
2. Maruti Suzuki India Ltd.
3. Ford Motor Company
4. Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd.
5. Honda Motors
6. Chevrolet Cars India
7. Mercedes Benz
8. BMW
9. Volkswagen
10. Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.
• Two wheeler Manufacturers in India :
1. Bajaj Auto
2. Honda
3. Hero
4. Royal Enfield Motors
5. Yamaha Motors India Pvt. Ltd.
6. TVS Motors
7. Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
• Commercial vehicle Manufacturers in India :
1. TATA Motors
2. Ashok Leyland Ltd.
3. Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
4. Eicher Motor Ltd.
5. Swaraj Mazda Ltd.
6. Force Motors Ltd.
7. Escorts Ltd.
CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILES:

With respect to With respect to With respect to

With respect to use
suspension system capacity fuel used
• Passenger Cars • Conventional – • Heavy transport • Petrol vehicle
• Goods Carrier Rigid- Leaf Spring vehicle- Truck, Bus • Diesel vehicle
• Special Purpose • Independent – • Light transport
• Gas vehicle
• Earth Moving Hydraulic Shock vehicle- SUV,
absorber Pickup van, Tempo • Solar vehicle
• Motor Cycle
• Light Motor
• Mopeds
vehicle- Car, Jeep
CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILES:

With respect to With respect to Drive With respect to With respect to

Wheels (sitting position) driving axle transmission
• Two wheeler • Right hand drive – • Front wheel drive • Conventional- All
• Three wheeler All Indian vehicles • Rear wheel drive Indian vehicles
• Four wheeler • Left hand drive – • Four wheel drive • Semi-automatic-
• Six wheeler- Truck Most of the Most of the British
• American vehicle & Japanese vehicles
Multi wheeler- • Automatic- Most of
trailers
the American
vehicles
CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILES:

With respect to body

With respect to engine fitting
construction

• Front Engine • Passenger Car – Sedan, Hard Top, Hatch back,

Station Wagon, Limousine, Convertible
• Rear Engine • Heavy Vehicles/ Trucks –Truck-Punjab body,
• Transverse under floor Half body, Platform body, Dumper, Tanker
With respect to wheel and drive wheel
2-Wheeler

6X4

4X2

3-Wheeler

4X4 4X2
With respect to use

Scooter
3 Wheeler Bike Mopeds

Car Bus
Station Wagon(SUV)

Pick up
Half body Truck Goods Trailer
 With respect to fuel used

Petrol Vehicle
Electric Vehicle

Diesel Vehicle
Gas vehicle
 HTV OR
HMV

Trucks(Tanker) Bus

LTV

Station Wagon(SUV) Pick up

LMV

• With respect to capacity ( ).

Jeep Car
 With respect to Transmission:

Automatic Transmission

Manual Transmission
With respect to make

CARS

STATION WAGON

SCOOTER

TRUCK
BIKE

MOPEDS

PICK UP
CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILE / ( Chassis )…..
… WITH RESPECT TO POSITION OF ENGINE ON CHASSIS AND DRIVE

1. Engine fitted at front - rear wheel drive

- front wheel drive
2. Engine fitted at rear - rear wheel drive
3. Engine fitted at centre
COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOBILE
1. Machine Portion ( commercially broadly identified as Chassis )
2. Carriage Portion i.e. Body
1. MACHINE PORTION
Chassis: ( Vehicle without body )
• This part supports its body, engine & transmission system.
• It includes: Frame, Springs & shock absorbers, Steering sys. , Brakes,
Tyres & wheels.
Engine:
• Source of power.
• Fuel system, Ignition system, Lubricating system, Cooling system .
COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOBILE……. MACHINE PORTION

Transmission:
• This unit transmits the power from the engine to the wheels.
• It includes: Clutch, Gear Box, Universal joint & Propeller shaft,
Differential, Axles( Front & Rear ) & finally wheels and Tyres.
Auxiliaries:
• Electrical System, Exhaust system.
• Controls – Steering system, Brake system, Engine controls ( supply
system- Battery and dynamometer, starting relay, ignition system,
miscellaneous system- light/signalling /reverse light/wiper etc )
Electrical system:
• It starts the engine when ignition switch is turned on igniting the
compressed air-fuel mixture. It also operates various lights, indicators, radio
& other electronic systems installed in the vehicles.
• It consists of Battery, Dynamo, Alternators, Ignition starting & lighting
system.
COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOBILE
2. CARRIAGE PORTION i.e. BODY

• an outer covering of the vehicle

• Requirements
- aerodynamic
- minimum no. of components
- sufficient space – passengers/ luggage
- good access to engine and other components
- clear vision
- cheap and easy to manufacture
 VEHICLE LAYOUT ( on CHASSIS)
• Defined as location and arrangement of main components.
• Especially - Engine and Drive Wheels
• Significance : Attain Equal weight distribution criterion
Results in good acceleration , braking and steering
• Types :
1. Engine fitted at front - rear wheel drive - FERWD
- front wheel drive - FEFWD
2. Engine fitted at rear - rear wheel drive - RERWD
3. Engine fitted at centre - rear wheel drive
4. Four Wheel drive – rear engine 4WD
- front engine 4WD
Front engine RWD
• Engine, clutch & gear box is fitted in the front.
• With the help of propeller shaft drive is provided to the rear wheels
• OLDEST layout unchanged for many years.( Mahindra Bolero, Scorpio, Toyota
Innova, Maruti Eeco etc.)

ADVANTAGES
1. Weight of the vehicle is well balanced on all wheels.
2. Provided space for luggage behind the rear seat
3. Engine, clutch & gear box are easily accessible for AIR
4. Less linkages – accelerator, clutch & engine are in close vicinity.
5. Easy control for speedometer, oil pressure & temperature gauges as they are close
to dashboard.
6. Radiator fitted in front gets natural draft due to forward movement of vehicle,
resulting in increased efficiency of cooling system.
7. Provides enough space for steering of front wheels.
• DISADVANTAGES …. Front engine RWD
1. Required to use propeller shaft for transmission.
2. Length of transmission increases.
3. Higher noise of power transmission from front
engine to immediate driver’s cabin.
4. Requires larger brake pads at front wheels
because of higher weight being transmitted on
front wheels while deceleration.

Line dia. For layout of transmission

Front engine RWD
Front engine FWD
• Engine, clutch & gear box is fitted in front.
• Drive is provided to the front wheels.
• Example- Matador & ALL modern cars.
ADVANTAGES
1. System provides low bed or floor since no propeller shaft & differential at rear.
2. Clutch, gear box & differential usually made as one unit, thereby transmission system is
compact & therefore cost is reduced.
3. Natural air cooling of the radiator due to motion of vehicle.
4. Due to more weight on front driving wheels vehicle has more adhesion on road.
5. Due to good adhesion good road holding capacity even on the curves.
6. Luggage space at rear is spacious.
7. It has low centre of gravity.
• DISADVANTAGES …. Front engine FWD
1. During acceleration & on gradient, because of its weight in front the vehicle moves to
rear, reducing the weight (or adhesion with road) on driving wheel.
2. Chance of slippage on slippery gradient.
3. Along with complicated transmission system of front driving wheels it is also required
to accommodate steering mechanism.
4. Even on level roads steering is slightly heavier.
Layout of front engine FWD
Rear Engine RWD
• Engine is fitted at the rear end of vehicle.
• Although long propeller shafts are eliminated, fixing up of gear box, oil & fuel gauges,
accelerator, linkage is very complicated.
• Example : Nano
ADVANTAGES
1. Better adhesion on road due to greater load on the driving wheels (climbing the hill).
2. Long propeller shafts are eliminated giving flat floor.
3. Very compact and accessible power and transmission assembly is provided.
4. Due to above advantage the centre of gravity is lowered giving stable driving specially
at high speed.
5. During braking, some weight gets transferred to front wheels, facilitating quick halt
when more load is placed at rear wheels.
DISADVANTAGES ..... Rear Engine RWD
1. When climbing the hill the weight of the vehicle moves to the rear, thereby reducing the
weight on the front wheels which is not good for proper adhesion.
2. Due to shifting of weight on rear wheels the tractive effort is reduced on gradients.
3. Grouping of engine with clutch, gear-box & differential creates congestion at rear & the
repair and adjustment becomes difficult.
4. For a better look & to reduce wind resistance it becomes necessary to give more slope
to bonnet which reduces the luggage space.
ENGINE FITTED AT THE CENTRE OF CHASSIS

• Rear wheel drive

• Engine between two axles
• To use complete floor on chassis frame the engine is mounted at the centre under the
chassis. FRONT WHEELS
• Example : Maruti Van Omni
ENGINE FITTED AT THE CENTRE OF CHASSIS
Advantages:
• Good acceleration due to back weight transfer.
• Braking comfort
• Ease in steering
• Aerodynamic design scope in front of car

Dis Advantages :
• During acceleration steering imbalance.
• No back seats.

Layout of FERRARI
FOUR WHEEL DRIVE (4WD)
 FOUR WHEEL DRIVE (4WD)
• Increased maneuverability_ on rough roads
• Four wheels driven by engine_entire vehicle weight contributes for
traction.
• During slipping or skidding of wheels on either axle the other axle
mounted wheels transmit traction.
• Steering is hard compared to conventional drive.
• Two Versions – Full time & Part time.
• Examples : Mahindra Thar / Toyota Fortuner / BMW X4 / Land
Rover range Rover / Ford Endeavour / Jeep Compass / Lamborghini
 FOUR WHEEL DRIVE (4WD)
Advantages :
• Traction is double X TWD
• Handling as FWD or RWD possible as per requirement.
• Sufficient power for unparallel acceleration and drivability _ surfaces with less
grip_ superior braking on loose surfaces.

Disadvantages :
• High manufacturing cost.
• Increased fuel consumption
• Number of components more
• Complicated transmission system.
• Increase gear train mass, power transmission and rotational inertia losses
CHASSIS , FRAME AND
BODY
• Chassis a French word means A Carrying Case , a main structure of
vehicle.
• Extensively used to denote complete vehicle without body ( Cover).
• Components mounted on Chassis :
o Frame
o Axles
o Steering system
o Suspension System
o Transmission System
o Engine
o Brake
o Electrical System
 FRAME
• Main part of Chassis
• Remaining components are mounted
• A rigid structure forms Skeleton to hold parts
together
oEngine at front end
oRear axle housing at rear end
oWheel and tyre support the frame
oSteering system partly bolted to the frame and body
o Fuel tank is fastened to the rear frame
CONSTRUCTIONAL
DETAILS OF FRAME

CAR FRAMES
CONSTRUCTIONAL
DETAILS OF FRAME
LOCATION OF DIFFERENT PARTS ON FRAME
USED IN LONG USED IN SHORT USED IN THREE
MEMBERS OF MEMBERS OF FRAME WHEELERS,PICK UP VANS,
GOOD IN BENDING AND SCOOTERS
FRAME
TORSION FRAMES GOOD IN
GOOD IN BENDING TORSION
 CHASSIS , FRAME …….functions
• Made up of Steel, Strong enough to withstand load of various components and systems.
Support the load of body, engine , gear box etc.
• Withstand the load during bad road condition.

• Light enough to reduce dead weight and fuel economy.

• Provide connecting link for front and rear axle

• Strong enough to absorb sudden acceleration ( longitudinal tensile force & brakes
longitudinal compression) and bear accidents ( impacts).
• Takes all static and dynamic load without undue twist and deflection .

• Sustain torque generated from engine and during transmission.

• Provide running stability against multi directional wind force.
CHASSIS , FRAME …….requirements
• Space availability.
• Stiffness – Bending & Torsion
• Strength
• Protection against weather ( Permit body to cover)
• Protection in Accidents
• Resist Air lift / Drag.
• Resistance to Corrosion.
CHASSIS FRAME TYPES
• CONVENTIONAL FRAME CHASSIS
• FRAMELESS OR INTEGRAL OR UNITIZED
FRAME CHASSIS
• SEMI INTEGRAL OR HALF INTEGRAL HALF
OR SUB FRAME CHASSIS
CONVENTIONAL FRAME CHASSIS

• CONSIST OF TWO LONG MEMBERS AND 5 TO 6 CROSS

MEMBERS
• THE MEMBERS HAVE THE CHANNEL SECTION , BOX
SECTION ,AND TUBULAR SECTION
• LONG MEMBERS HAVE CHANNEL SECTION WHEREAS CROSS
MEMBERS MAY BE OF BOX OR TUBULAR SECTION
• PREVIOUSLY IT WAS USED ON VARIOUS VEHICLES
• BUT NOW-A-DAYS IT IS MOSTLY USED ON TRUCKS
CONVENTIONAL FRAME
CONVENTIONAL FRAME
CONVENTIONAL FRAME
• Known as Non load carrying frame.
…entire load on Suspension Sys.
• Frame supports engine and power train and body.
• Body is isolated from frame and fastened by rubber mountings. e.g.
Trucks
• Not suited to resist torsion . Longitudinal members are of C Channel
CONVENTIONAL FRAME
• Two types : Box Section and X ( Cross ) section type.
• Frame tapers from rear to front to accommodate steering ease.
• Longitudinal members allow vertical movement because of sweeping
upwards at ends.
• Sweeping also help to curb the bump earlier
during bouncing and Pitching Sweeping
CONVENTIONAL FRAME

Box Section type / Ladder

CONVENTIONAL FRAME

X / CROSS Type
 FRAMELESS OR INTEGRAL OR
UNITIZED FRAME CHASSIS

• No frame, all units are attached to body

• Chassis ,floor and body assembled by welding.
• Mild steel pressed plates are used.
• Sub frames are used for front and rear suspension units.
• Design reduces weight, lowers production cost.
• Modern cars and lighter commercial vehicle.
FRAMELESS OR INTEGRALOR
UNITIZED FRAME CHASSIS
FRAMELESS OR INTEGRAL FRAME CHASSIS
• Advantages :
• Cost is less
• Dead weight of the vehicle is less
• Centre of gravity of vehicle is more and gives more
stability while driving
• Disadvantages :
• In case of accidents, it becomes difficult to repair, set it
right and properly align the same
 HALF INTEGRAL & HALF FRAME or
SUB FRAME CHASSIS
• It is fixed to the front end of the main frame
• Frame load is transferred to body structure.
• Rubber mounts are replaced by stiff mounts.
• Integrated frame is heavy
• Supports the engine ,gear box and front suspension
• Popular for Small European cars and American cars
• The object of this arrangement is to isolate these components from the
effect of twisting and flexing of main frame.
• Simplify production on assembly line .
• Facilitate subsequent AIR and hence economical.
HALF INTEGRAL & HALF FRAME or
SUB FRAME CHASSIS
AUTOMOBILE BODY
• Super structure of vehicle.
• It is the second main part of an automobile
• A body just like a cover to the chassis
• Chassis and body makes complete vehicle
• Separate units bolted together with rubber/strips….to damp down
vibrations
• Usually made from large no. of steel pressed plates welded together.
REQUIREMENTS…..AUTO.BODY
• All the requirements that needs in frame…….
• Light weight.
• Minimum vibrations during running.
• Adequate space for passengers and luggage.
• Cheap and easy mfg.
• Attractive aesthetic ( pleasant shape and colour).
• Minimum no. of components.
• Clear all round vision from glass.
• Long fatigue life.
• Minimum resistance to air.(Aerodyanamic)
• Good Accesses to engine and suspension system for IR
AUTOMOBILE BODY …..TYPES
 Basic Nomenclature TECHNICAL TERMS ....... related
to chassis

• Wheel Base: Distance between the centres of the front & rear wheels/ Axels.
• Wheel Track: Distance between the centre of the front / rear wheels.
FRONT WHEEL TRACK

WHEEL BASE
Chassis overhang: ...purpose
• Certain length of chassis is always extended after/before the rear/front axle.
• The distance from the centre of the rear wheel and the rear end of the frame is called rear
overhang.
• The distance between the centre of the front wheel and the front end of the frame is called
front overhang.

Rear Front
overhang overhang
 Basic Nomenclature TECHNICAL TERMS ....... related
to BODY

Cowl Assembly

Front End Assembly

BODY CONSTRUCTION….
Body Aerodynamic / Streamlining
• Body is designed to protect
- engine and accessories.
- passengers from resistance of air.
• Body is shaped to reduce resistance of air.
• Shaping is called as STREAMLINING.
• Streamlining done by aerodynamic shapes.
• Uses curves instead of angles / flat surfaces
Necessity of aerodynamics
• Increasing demands of efficient and comfortable cars.
• Air resistance opposes forward motion ( propelling )
influences fuel consumption and maximum attainable speed.

Hence….
……Designers task to reduce aerodynamic force / drag coefficient to
minimum.
Features of Aerodynamic Shape of Body
• Riding comfort ,as air pressure is uniformly distributed over car body.
• Air drag force is reduced.
• Aerodynamic lift in vertical upward direction is reduced.
• Air eddies are not formed.
• Cross wind force acting in both lateral directions are reduced.
• Speed of automobile is maintained.
• Fuel economy.
• Improves engine efficiency -awa- life , since the load on engine is reduced.
Advantages…..
 Yawing Lift

Z Vertical

ing
Roll La
l te
ina ra
X u d l
git ng
Lon chi
Pit
Drag
Y

Side
force
Aerodynamic Forces And Moments
Directions ( axis ) Forces Moments
Longitudinal ( X )
Drag Rolling
(Along length)
Lateral ( Y )
Side Pitching
(Along width)
Vertical ( Z )
Lift Yawing/ Bouncing
(Along height)
 DRAG FORCE
• It is the largest and most important aerodynamic force encountered by vehicle at normal
highway speeds.
• Air drag is given by the equation,
DA = ½ ρ V2 CD A
ρ= Density of air
V= Speed of Vehicle
CD = Coefficient of Drag
A= Frontal Area of vehicle.
• The major factors included in aerodynamic drag are
-Induced drag ( air / vehicle speed ),
- Profile drag ( body shape ),
- Friction drag ( surface quality )
• Figure Aerodynamic Drag
SIDE FORCE
• Lateral wind component also impose the side force on the vehicle
attempting to change the direction of travel.
• The exact effect depends on the vehicle and nature of cross wind.
• The equation for side force is given by
SA = ½ ρ V2 Cs A
ρ= Density of air
V= Total wind velocity
Cs = Side force Coefficient
A= Side Area of vehicle.
LIFT FORCE
• The pressure difference from top to bottom of vehicle causes the lift force.
• The lift force is measured at the centerline of vehicle at the center of wheel
base.
• The lift force is given by equation,
LA = ½ ρ V2 CL A
ρ= Density of air
V= Total wind velocity
CL = Lift Coefficient
A= Bottom surface Area of vehicle.
 LPG
(Liquidified Petrolium Gas )
Introduction
 Over the last years, India has seen a strong growth in the usage of
LPG in the automobile space. Both in manufacturer equipped models and
kits, LPG as a car fuel is now in common use
Key drivers for the increased usage of LPG in cars have been a desire to
reduce fuel costs, environmental considerations and a fundamental
acceptance of LPG as a good alternative to petrol and diesel.
 HISTORY
 In 1910, Dr. Walter Snelling, a chemist with the U.S. Bureau of
Mines, discovered that propane was a component of liquefied gas. Soon
afterward, he discovered a means to store and transport propane and
butane. Snelling received a patent for LPG in 1913, which he then sold
to Frank Phillips, founder of Phillips Petroleum Company.
 Initially, LPG was used to fuel metal-cutting torches, but by 1927,
manufacturers were making gas cooking ranges fueled by LPG. Soon
after World War II, propane was used as a transportation fuel in buses
and cars.
 WHAT IS LPG?
• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a term describing a group of
hydrocarbon-based gases derived from crude oil and or natural gas.
• LPG is mostly propane, butane or a mix of the two. It also includes
ethane, ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutene and isobutylene; these
are used primarily as chemical feed stocks rather than fuel.
How it works?

• The working of an LPG engine is similar to that of a petrol

engine.
• In the petrol engine, the car’s carburetor creates a mixture of petrol
droplets and air which is then supplied to the inlet manifold of the
car’s engine.
• A spark is then introduced, causing a controlled explosion which
drives the engine.
COMPONENTS OF LPG ENGINE.

LPG ENGINE
LPG KIT
 LPG Auto
Refueling
Stations

LPG
STATION
 ADVANTAGES OF LPG

Vehicles running
on LPG LPG Cylinders are
experience no much lighter in
Cold Starting is weight allowing
reduction in
not a problem with a vehicle to travel
engine power and LPG Vehicles. 3 times the
perform the distance on a
same as if driven single filling.
on petrol.
 Effect on environment…
• Important consideration in using LPG is the environment.
• Using LPG as a fuel is considered better for the environment.
• Becoz. combustion of LPG is more complete and efficient than petrol
fuel, which means that the amount of CO and HC is much less.
• The emission from a LPG engine is just CO 2 and H2O, which are
relatively harmless for the environment.
 Modern CNG Car….
CNG OPERATED VEHICLES ARE THOSE THAT USES
COMPRESSED NATURAL
GAS AS CLEAN ALTERNATIVE TO OTHER
AUTOMOBILE FUELS.
 CNG
(Compressed Natural Gas )

• Domestically available, In order to provide

economical clean enough range, the gas
burning, alternative fuel
Rather than burn is compressed and
source for the vehicles
gasoline or diesel fuel, stored on the vehicle in
a consumer would fuel pressurized tanks.
their vehicle with
natural gas.
NECESSITY OF CNG

RISE IN FUEL HUGE

PRICES IMPORT
BILL

WORSENIN
G DECLINING
ECO
OIL
SYSTEM RESOURCS
 WHERE IS CNG FOUND ?

• It is found dissolved in petroleum or in huge

amount of the earth surface in oil and has
bearing areas.
• In India, its resources exists in Bombay, upper
Assam, Krishna, Godavari, Cauvery basins and
in Gujarat.
 COMPOSITION CNG
COMPONENT % VOLUME

METHANE 90

ETHANE 4

PROPANE 1.7

BUTANE 0.7

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE 0.9

NITROGEN 0.05

MOISTER CONTENT 2.0

SULPHUR 10PPM
CO 0.1
CO2 + N2 0.2
CHARACTERISTIC OF CNG
HIGHER OCTANE RATING.

EXCELLENT KNOCK
RESISTANCES.

ENERGY CONTENT PER KG

IS SIMILLER TO PETROLEUM

BASED FUELS.

IT IS HIGHER THAN AIR AND

HENCE DIFFUSES UPWARD.

CLEAN BURNING FUEL.

DVANTAGES OF CNG
IT CAN BE
SUCCESSFULLY IT IS SAFE
CONSUMED BY
PICK UP TRUCK, FUEL.
AUTO,
RICKSHAWS AND
BUSES.
THE EXCELLENT
REDUCTION IN THE
KNOCK RESISTANCE
EMMISSION OF
PROPERTY ALLOWS
CARBON DIOXIDE
TO USE OF HIGHER
BECAUSE ON
COMPRESSIPON
HIGHER ENERGY
RATIO FOR
CARBON RATIO.
INCREASE
DUE TO
ANTIKNOCK
PROPERTY, IT CAN
BE SAFE USED IN POWER
ENGINE WITH A
COMPRESSION OUTPUT.
RATIO AS HIGH AS
12 ; 1.
 ADVANTAGES OF LPG AND CNG OVER PETROL
• Fuel cost is less, clean ,odourless, easy to tap & abundant worldwide.
•Less pollution and more efficiency. It emits 99% less pollutants
CO2, unburned HC,CO,NO2,SOX and particulate matter than petrol.
•It is safer for vehicle.CNG fuel tank can withstand dynamic
explosion, crash test, direct gunfire.
•As it is lighter than air ,CNG dissipates quickly and has a higher
ignition temperature safe in operation.
•Increased life of lubricating oils , as CNG/LPG does not contaminate
and dilute the crankcase oil, engine friendly.
•Vehicles have lower maintenance cost as compare to HC fuel
powered vehicles.
•Due to antilock property ,CNG can be used safely in engine with
high compression ratio as 12 :1 compare to gasoline engine.
•Fuel systems are sealed ,preventing fuel loss from spills and
evaporation.
 DISADVANTAGES
• Space required for cylinders and their weight about 300lbs. ,which is
more in most of the application.
• Compare to diesel engine compression ratio of CNG is lower , so
fuel efficiency of these engines is 10-20% lower than diesel engine.
• Inconsistent fuel properties.
• Refuelling is a slow process.