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The Central Dogma of life describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to proteins through the processes of transcription and translation. Transcription converts DNA sequences into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then undergoes translation to synthesize proteins in the cytoplasm. This process is essential for gene expression and the manifestation of specific traits in organisms.

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10 views

Lec-10_CDL

The Central Dogma of life describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to proteins through the processes of transcription and translation. Transcription converts DNA sequences into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then undergoes translation to synthesize proteins in the cytoplasm. This process is essential for gene expression and the manifestation of specific traits in organisms.

Uploaded by

junaed.riad
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1 Central Dogma of life

Transcription and Translation


Central Dogma of life
2

 The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences


of nucleotides
 The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by
dictating the synthesis of proteins
 Gene expression, the process by which DNA directs protein
synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation
 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
 The central dogma of biology describes the flow of information
from gene sequence to protein product
An Analogy
3

 When you get to the library, you search through the shelves
until you find a book that has a good set of instructions for
making a table.
 The library doesn't have a photocopier, but you came well-
prepared and you whip out your pen and notebook and copy
down (or 'transcribe') the instructions.
 Satisfied, you take your notes and head back home.
 At home, you have all the wood and tools to make the table.
 You follow the instructions and make the table, effectively
'translating' the written words into a table which you can use in
your room.
An Analogy
4

 Library = Nucleus
 Books in the library = DNA in the form of chromosome
 One chapter = One gene ( contains instruction for one type
of protein)
 Notebook = Represents RNA, which is a smaller molecule
that can move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where
proteins are made
 Home = Cytoplasm
 Table = One protein product
 Wood to make the table = amino acids for building proteins
Basic Principles of Transcription and
5
Translation
 RNA is the bridge between genes and the proteins for which they
code
 Transcription is the synthesis of RNA using information in DNA
 Transcription produces messenger RNA (mRNA)
 Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide, using information in
the mRNA
 Ribosomes are the sites of translation
Nuclear
envelope

DNA
TRANSCRIPTION

Pre-mRNA

(b) Eukaryotic cell


Nuclear
envelope

DNA
TRANSCRIPTION

Pre-mRNA
RNA PROCESSING

mRNA

(b) Eukaryotic cell


Nuclear
envelope

DNA
TRANSCRIPTION

Pre-mRNA
RNA PROCESSING

mRNA

TRANSLATION Ribosome

Polypeptide

(b) Eukaryotic cell


Transcription
 DNA sequence information is converted to mRNA in a
process called transcription
Steps:
1. The double-stranded DNA molecule is partially unzipped
2. An enzyme called RNA polymerase copies the gene's
nucleotides one by one into an mRNA molecule.
Like DNA, mRNA is made of a particular sequence of
nucleotides
Unlike DNA, mRNA has only a single strand, and the base
Thymine in DNA is replaced by Uracil in RNA
Very importantly, mRNA is small and can easily exit the
RNA
nucleus and Polymera
go to the cytoplasm, where proteins are made.
se

9
Translation
10

 The sequence encoded in the mRNA molecule is decoded and


converted to an amino acid sequence in a process called
translation.
Steps:
1. After a mature mRNA leaves the nucleus of a cell, it heads for a

ribosome in the cell’s cytoplasm where the code it contains can


be translated to produce a protein
2. As the strand of mRNA slides through the ribosome, the code is

read three nucleotides at a time (called a codon).


3. Each codon specifies one amino acid in the polypeptide chain of

a protein which are linked together to form a protein.


DNA
template 3 5 DNA
strand A C C A A A C C G A G T molecule

T G G T T T G G C T C A
3 Gene 1
5
TRANSCRIPTION
Gene 2
U G G U U U G G C U C A
mRNA 5 3
Codon
TRANSLATION

Protein Trp Phe Gly Ser


Gene 3
Amino acid
11
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG7uCskUOrA

12 copyright cmassengale
Comparison between translation and transcription
13

Transcription Translation
Purpose To make RNA copies To synthesize proteins which
of individual genes are used for cellular functions

Definition Transcription is the Translation is the synthesis of


synthesis of RNA a protein from an mRNA
from a DNA template. template. i.e., translating the
DNA genetic information
carried by mRNA to
synthesize proteins. This is
the second step of gene
expression.
Products mRNA Proteins
Location Nucleus Cytoplasm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=zwibgNGe4aY

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