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Chapter 3 covers the kinematics of motion in two and three dimensions, detailing position and velocity vectors, as well as acceleration. It explains uniform and nonuniform circular motion, including centripetal acceleration and the relationships between tangential speed and angular speed. The chapter also discusses projectile motion and provides equations for motion under constant acceleration.

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5 views

Chapter 3 New

Chapter 3 covers the kinematics of motion in two and three dimensions, detailing position and velocity vectors, as well as acceleration. It explains uniform and nonuniform circular motion, including centripetal acceleration and the relationships between tangential speed and angular speed. The chapter also discusses projectile motion and provides equations for motion under constant acceleration.

Uploaded by

rashdhafz1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Kinematics of Motion
In Two and Three Dimensions
Position and Velocity Vectors
in Three Dimensions
The position vector r
is given by :

r=xi + yj+ zk

If the particle changes


position with time ;
it is moving in
space.
Position and Velocity Vectors
in Three Dimensions
The average velocity
vector vav is given
by :
vav = r / t
vav = ( r2 – r1 ) / (t2 – t1 )

The instantaneous
velocity v is given by :
v = dr / dt
Position and Velocity Vectors
in Two Dimensions { Motion in a Plane }
In the x-y plane : the position vector is :
r=xi + yj
The instantaneous velocity vector v is :
v = dr/dt = (dx/dt) i + (dy/dt) j
v = vx i + vy j
The magnitude of v ( the speed v ) is :
v = [ vx2 + vy2 ]1/2
The velocity vector makes an angle  with the
positive x-axis given by :
tan  = vy / vx OR  = tan-1 ( vy / vx )
Instantaneous acceleration
vector in two dimensions
The velocity vector v is :
v = vx i + vy j
The instantaneous acceleration a is :
a = dv/dt = (dvx/dt) i + (dvy/dt) j
a = ax i + a y j
The magnitude of a is :
a = [ ax2 + ay2 ]1/2
The acceleration vector makes an angle  with
the positive x-axis given by :
tan  = ay / ax OR  = tan-1 ( ay / ax )
Kinematical Equations of Motion in two
dimensions with constant acceleration

v = vo + a t

r – r o = v o t + ½ a t2

We treat : v ; vo ; a ; r ; ro as vectors .
Example
The coordinates of a bird flying in the x-y plane is given as
functions of time as follows :
x(t) = 2.4 t ; y(t) = 3 – 1.2 t2
(a) Write the velocity vector of the bird as function of time .
(b) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the velocity of
the bird at t = 2.0 s .
(c) Write the acceleration vector of the bird as function of
time .
(d) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the
acceleration of the bird at t = 2.0 s .
SOLUTION
(a) r(t) = x(t) i + y(t) j = 2.4 t i + ( 3.0 – 1.2 t2 ) j m
v(t) = dr/dt = 2.4 i - 2.4 t j m/s
(b) At t = 2.0 s ;
v(2) = 2.4 i - 4.8 j m/s
v(2) = [ (2.4)2 + (4.8)2 ]1/2 = 5.37 m/s
tan  = vy/vx = - 2 ;  = -63.4o + 360o = 296.6o
the velocity vector lies in the fourth quadrant .
(c) v(t) = 2.4 i - 2.4 t j m/s
a(t) = dv/dt = - 2.4 j m/s2 ( constant acceleration )
(d) At t = 2.0 s ; a = 2.4 m/s2 in the negative y-direction .
Motion in A circle
{ Circular Motion }
One of the important motions in a plane is the circular motion ;
it is worth to study the kinematics of such motion because it is
a common motion in our life :
in amusement parks ; in atoms and in galaxies .

Circular Motion may be Uniform or Nonuniform .

Uniform Circular Motion :


means motion in a circle with constant speed ; the magnitude of
the velocity remains constant ; but its direction changes
continuously .

In Nonuniform Circular Motion : the magnitude and direction of


the velocity changes continuously with time .
Kinematics of
Uniform Circular Motion
The change in the direction of
the velocity produces an
acceleration
a = v/t
a will be in the same direction
of v .
When t approaches zero ;
a coincides with the radius
and is directed towards the
center of the circle and it is
called :
centripetal acceleration (ac)
or radial acceleration ( arad )
Kinematics of
Uniform Circular Motion
The magnitude of the
centripetal (radial)
acceleration is given
by :
ac = arad = v2/R
arad is always
perpendicular to v .
Kinematics of
Uniform Circular Motion
In uniform circular motion : If the period
( Time for one complete revolution ) is T ;
Then : tangential (linear) speed v is :
v=(2R)/T m/s
The angular speed  = ( 2  ) / T rad/s
Therefore : v = R 
The SI unit of  is : rad/s ; A common unit of  is :
revolution per minute ( rpm )
1 revolution = 2  rad.
Suppose :  = 200 rpm
Then :  = 200 x ( 2  / 60 ) = 20.93 rad/s
Kinematics of
Uniform Circular Motion
arad = v2 / R

v=R
Substituting for v2 :
arad = 2 R

 =2/T

arad = (4 2 R) / T2
Example
In a carnival ride , the passengers travel at
constant speed in a circle of radius 5.0 m .
They make one complete circle in 4.0 s .
Calculate the following :
(a) The tangential speed v of the passenger .
(b) The angular speed  of the passenger in
rad/s .
(c) The angular speed  of the passenger in
revolution per minute (rpm) .
(d) The centripetal acceleration ac of the
passenger .
SOLUTION
(a) v = 2  R / T = ( 2 x 3.14 x 5.0 ) / 4
v = 7.85 m/s

(b)  = 2  / T = 6.28 / 4 = 1.57 rad/s

(c)  = 1.57 x ( 60 / 6.28 ) = 15 rpm

(d) arad = v2 / R = (7.85)2 / 5 = 12.34 m/s2


Projectile motion—Figure 3.15
– A projectile is any body given an initial velocity that then follows a path
determined by the effects of gravity and air resistance.
– Begin neglecting resistance.
The equations of motion under constant
acceleration
• Projectile motion sets
xo = 0 and yo = 0 then obtains the specific results shown below:

• x = (vocosαo)t

• y = (vosinαo)t  1/2gt2

• vx = vocosαo

• vy = vosinαo  gt

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