1amalgam final
1amalgam final
1. Low Cu alloy : Ag -
65%
Sn - 29%
Cu - 2 – 5% (<
6%)
Zn - 0 – 2%
2. High Cu alloy :
Admixed
Ag - 65 – 70%
Sn - 17%
Cu - 9 – 20%
• Single composition
• Ag - 60%
• Sn - 27%
• Cu - 13 – 30%
• Zn - 0 - 2%
Functions of Individual Alloying
Metals
1. SILVER
• Whitens alloy
• Decreases Creep
• Increases strength
• Increases setting expansion
• Increase tarnish corrosion
• Decrease setting time
2. TIN
• Decreases setting expansion
• Decreases Strength
• Decrease tarnish resistance
• Increases setting time
3. COPPER
• Decreases brittleness
• Increases hardness
• Increases setting expansion
4. ZINC
• Scavenger
• Increases plasticity
• Decreases tarnish & corrosion
• Prevents oxidation of alloy during
manufacture .
5. PALLADIUM
Increases hardness
Whitens alloy
6. MERCURY
• Sometimes present in alloy powder in
ALLOY
Lathe cut / irregular particles:
Spherical alloys
A d va n ta g es: A d va n ta g es:
1. Lo n g e r w o rkin g 1 . S ets fa ste r.
tim e .
2. Le ss d im e n sio n a l 2 . Lo w e r re sid u a l
c h a n g e. m e rc u ry.
3. D isp la c em en t o f 3 . Lo w e r cre ep .
m a trix.
4 . Fa ster fin ish in g .
5 . H ig h er e a rly
stren g th .
6 . Lo w co n d e n sa tio n
p ressu re.
D isa d va n ta g e s: D isa d va n ta g e s:
1. S lo w er set. 1 . Le ss w o rkin g tim e.
2. H ig h resid u a l 2 . G rea te r
m e rc u ry. d im e n sio n a l
c h a n g e.
3. H ig h er c ree p .
4. Le ss e a rly
stren g th .
5. H a rd e r to fin ish .
Setting reaction
Basic Setting Reactions
• Conventional low copper amalgam
• Admixed high-copper alloys
• Single composition high-copper alloys
Conventional Low-Copper
Alloys
• Intermetallic compounds Ag
Sn Ag Ag
Sn
formed Ag-Sn Sn Ag-Sn
Alloy Alloy
Mercury
(Hg)
1 2
Conventional Low-Copper
Alloys
Ag3Sn + Hg Þ Ag3Sn + Ag2Hg3 + Sn8Hg
1 2
1
Preferential reaction of Cu with Sn eliminating SnHg
Admixed High-Copper Alloys
• Gamma 1 ( ) (Ag2Hg3)
1 Ag-Cu Alloy
surrounds () eta phase
(Cu6Sn5) and gamma ()
alloy particles (Ag3Sn)
Ag-Sn Ag-Sn
Alloy Alloy
1
Trituration
Over trituration or under trituration
decreases strength of both old & new
high Cu alloys
Maximum strength achieved when
mixing continue till coherent mass of
matrix with interfaces formed
Effect of Hg content
Objective of Trituration :
Attain workable plastic mass
Rub of oxide films from alloy particles
To pulverize pellets into particles
To dissolve alloy in Hg for formation of
matrix crystals
To keep matrix crystals as small as possible
Mixing of alloy with Hg Trituration
traditionally Mortar & Pestle were used.
Mechanical device amalgamator saves time
& standardizes procedure
Amalgamator:3 speeds :- Low- 3200 to
3400
Medium-3700 to 3800
High – 4000 to 4400
Mulling
To make mix homogenous
Mix enveloped in a dry piece of
rubber dam vigorously rubbed of
one hand and palm of another hand for
2–5 seconds
CONSISTENCY
Attainment of a proper mix controlled by
timing trituration
Under mixing
Appears dull
Crumbly and grainy in consistency
Rough surface after carving
Strength is less
Prone to tarnish and corrosion
Over Triturated
Wet & plastic
Difficult to remove from capsule
Working time decreased
Sets rapidly
Increased contraction & increased creep
Decrease strength
Normal Mix
Wet & plastic
Smooth, soft consistency with shiny
surface
Good strength
Mix is warm when removed from the
capsule
Carved surface retain lusture
CONDENSATION
Gallium Alloys
Daniel et al (1994)
Ag particles suspended in dil. Acid
solution
Physical properties showed higher
rupture strength than amalgam .
Consolidated silver – cold welded
system – rotary instrument for
contouring & finishing
Indium containing alloy & binary mercury –
Indium liquid alloy
Powell et al in 1989
Pure indium powder admixed into
dispersed phase high Cu alloy .
Decrease in mercury evaporation
As the amount of indium increased
from 0 to 14% decrease in Hg vapour
.
In 1986 Varga et al employed 4-META &
agents.
in favour of 4 – META .
• a.Contraction
• b.Expansion
• c.Initial contraction than expansion
• d.Initial expansion and then contraction
• DIMENSIONAL CHANGES OF AMALGAM
• This is due to Gamma 1 phase as its volume is less when compared to thje
reactant
• phases (Hg & Ag-Sn)
• PHASE OF EXPANSION :
• As Gamma 1 grows with sufficient Hg present outward thrust produces
expansion.
• Over all there is a net contraction with modern amalgams- high condensation
pressures, small particle sizes,….