Introduction

• Welcome to the 6th lesson on Analysis of Stress and Strain.

• In this lesson, the following topics will be covered; equations for
stresses on an inclined plane, principal stresses and planes on which
they act, maximum shear stresses and planes on which they act.
Learning outcomes

By the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

• Derive general equations for direct and shear stresses on an inclined
plane in a loaded structure.
• Derive equations for principal stresses and planes on which they act.
• Derive equations for maximum shear stress and planes on which they
act.
• Analyze stresses on any inclined plane on a loaded structure.
• Solve problems relating to principal stresses, maximum shear stress
and planes on which they act.
 ANALYSIS OF STRESS AND STRAIN:
PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND -STRAINS;
MOHR’S CIRCLE 2D stress and strain
ID stress and strain

For uniaxial stress;

=
Due to poison effect;
• This is a biaxial stress and strain
(2𝐷 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑤𝑒
field
ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)
3D stress and strain STRESS ON AN INCLINED PLANE
e.g. a cube immersed in
a liquid

• Consider a bar subjected to a load ‘P’ (where )

• Suppose the block is of unit depth.
• Consider equilibrium of forces on the triangular portion ABC.
• Resolving forces to BC

But

Therefore; =
Resolving forces to BC

Since AB = BC

i.e
i.e
is a maximum when
(when
Therefore; at 45
 MATERIAL SUBJECTED TO PURE SHEAR

Equilibrium of portion PBC

• Resolve forces normal to PC and assume unit depth

But PC

Therefore,

Or
The maximum value of
Resolve sources

i.e.
The maximum value of
 MATERIAL SUBJECTED TO TWO MUTUALLY DIRECT STRESSES

• Consider a rectangular
element unit depth subjected
to two direct stresses both
tensile and at right angles.
• For equilibrium of portion
ABC:
Resolve forces to AC:

Recall and
• Therefore;

i.e.
Resolve forces to AC

i.e. or

• 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 0 or 90𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑟

Or

𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟.
• The maximum shear stress in the plane of the applied stresses occurs
when θ = 45.

The resultant stress

Also
where φ is the angle which the resultant stress makes with the normal to
the plane (also called the obliquity).
MATERIAL SUBJECTED TO COMBINED DIRECT AND SHEAR STRESSES

• and may be tensile or compressive and

may arise from direct forces or bending.
• is either as shown or completely
reversed and may arise from shear
forces or torsion.
• This is the most general case of stresses
in 2D.

Resolve forces in the direction (assume unit thickness)

But and i.e.

But and

Therefore:
Resolve forces in the direction

For to be maximum,
i.e.
 Referring to the triangle,
and

From substitute for and

• Combining 2nd and 3rd term:

• Multiply top and bottom by and simplify:

Therefore,
and

are the principal stresses and the planes on which they act are the
principal planes.
We can also differentiate and equate to zero as for ; alternatively,
is maximum when (recall

i.e. and occurs at 45 to the principal planes.

Sign convention for normal and shear stresses
acts on the face
acts on the face
Tension is
Compression is
• A shear stress acts on the x face in the y direction.
• A shear stress is when it acts on a positive face in the positive
direction of the axis, otherwise negative e.g. and are positive.
• Recall and

To transform stress components from one set of axis to another:

We can get on face of inclined element from by substituting with
i.e.
=
Note
• Recall for to be maximum,
Two solutions for slope to be the same i.e. and or () and
i.e.
i.e.
i.e. There are two mutually perpendicular planes on which the direct
stress is either maximum or minimum ⇛ and are at to one another.
Recall

Therefore;
This is the negative reciprocal of the angle when is maximum i.e.
• Therefore the angles given by the two equations differ by 90(2θ) i.e.
• The planes of maximum shear stress are inclined at 45 (θ) to the
planes of maximum direct stress.

Recall
• In the plane of maximum shear stress, ;
and
Therefore,
• i.e.

Special cases
Cases 1: PURE TORQUE
Recall characteristic torsion equation
i.e. or
For pure torque,
Also since
or
Recall

Case 2: Suppose
From eqn for max stress;

Therefore, on planes on which and act,

PROOF
Recall
is maximum when and
Therefore, when is maximum;

Therefore, when is maximum or minimum, .

Example 1
The state of stress at a point on a loaded structural member is as
follows: MPa, and .
(a) Determine the stress acting on an element inclined at θ = 15.
(b) Determine the principal stresses and the planes on which they
act.
(c) Determine the maximum shear stresses and the planes on which
they act.
Solution

=
Principal stresses:

or
Also

=27+57
27+57
Therefore,
Maximum shear stress:

Let

Let

Normal stress acting on planes of maximum shear stress

7.1 Introduction
Welcome to the 7th lesson on Analysis of Stress and Strain. In this lesson, the
following topics will be covered; Plotting Mohr’s circle of stress,
transformation of strains, Mohr’s circle of strain, principal strains in terms of
stresses.
7.2 Learning outcomes
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
7.2.1 Analyze stresses by plotting Mohr’s circle of stress for a given loading
situation.
7.2.2 Derive general equations for direct and shear strain in a loaded
structural member.
7.2.3 Derive equations for the principal strains
7.2.4 Plot Mohr’s circle of strain
7.2.5 Solve problems that relate principal strains to stresses.
MOHR’S CIRCLE OF STRESS

• Rewrite equations as follows :

• Square both sides and add equations (process eliminates 2):

i.e. Equation of a circle of radius

and center.
The circle represents all possible states of normal and shear stress on
any plane through a stressed point in a material.
Plotting Mohr’s circle
To obtain graphically the direct stress and shear stress on any plane
inclined at to the plane on which acts:
1) Draw and label block ABCD.
2) Set up axis for direct stress (horizontal) and shear stress
(vertical) (see figure on next page).
3) Plot the stresses acting on two adjacent faces e.g AB and
BC (assume , and both are positive)
Sign convention (for purposes of the plot)
Direct stresses: Tensile +ve and Compression –ve
Shear stresses: Tending to turn block clockwise, +ve

• 𝑊𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑤 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

Tending to turn block counterclockwise, -ve

𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠.
(4) 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜 .
(5) 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝜎 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓
𝑀𝑜ℎ𝑟’𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒,
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟. Draw the circle.
• All points on the circumference of the circle represent a state of stress
on some plane through C.
Label
PROOF

• Consider any point Q on the circumference of the circle such that PQ

makes an angle 2θ with . Drop a from Q to meet the axis at N.
Coordinates of Q: (label R and 2φ on the diagram)

i.e. (𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟)

But
Similarly

• The coordinates of ‘Q’ are the normal and shear stresses on a plane
inclined at θ to in the original stress system i.e.
• A single angle PQ is (2) on Mohr’s circle and not ⇛ all angles are
doubled on Mohr’s circle. However, they are measured in the same
direction and from the same plane in both figures (counterclockwise
from plane ).
Points to note:
(1) Direct stress is a maximum when Q is at M i.e.
• = length OM and plane PM is a principal plane.
• Angle of plane from =2φ.
• = length OL at angle 2φ + from . Plane PL is a principal plane.
(2) is the highest point on the circle (U) = radius of the circle. The
center of the circle always lies on the axis midway between and :

= radius
(3) From (2), direct stress on the plane of maximum shear stress is
midway between and i.e.
(4) Shear stress on the principal planes (PM and PL) is zero.
Exercise:
Repeat example 1 by drawing Mohr’s circle and reading off all the
stresses and planes from the circle. (Hint: Draw a large circle to occupy
full page of graph paper).
TRANSFORMATION OF STRAINS

• Consider the 2-D element subjected to compound direct and shear

stress system.
• The element deforms to a new shape as shown below.
• We have extensions both in the x- and y-directions in addition to
shear deformation.
• is the strain at an angle θ to the x-axis.

• Originally length of diagonal = r =OB

New length = OB

• Assume d is very small. Then

Also,

Assuming is small,
But
(since is too small and can be neglected)
• Therefore

We ca easily show that

 Principal strains

• Substitute for and and simply:

• We can also show that:

MOHR’S CIRCLE OF STRAIN

To obtain normal and shear strain at a point; rewrite

strain equations as follows:

• Square both sides and add equations:

The circle is shown below.

Sign convention for shear strain

• A shear strain is considered +ve when the slope is +ve

in relation to the coordinate axis.
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑖. 𝑒.

• Shear strain for planes of principal strains (see circle).

• Therefore, shear stress = 0 when shear strain is 0.

Recall: Shear stress was 0 on principal stress planes i.e. principal stress
planes and principal strain planes coincide.
• The maximum shear stress occurs at the top and bottom of the circle
where:
Therefore,
Linear strain for a tri-axial stress state

For an element subjected to 3 mutually

stresses

Principal strains in terms of stresses:

• In the absence of shear stresses on the faces of the element above,
then are principal stresses i.e. = , = and = i.e.
• For a 2D stress system:

Therefore

• Solve (i) and (ii) simultaneously in terms of stresses:

Example

Four strain gauges are placed on the surface of a structural

member made of steel (E=200GPa, in the directions shown. The
following readings were recorded from 3 of the gauges:

Determine
i. Corresponding reading from gauge D
ii. The principal stresses at the point
Solution:

• This equation applies only when and are mutually perpendicular.

• No two strain gauges are mutually in this example.
• Suppose we take A as the reference gauge.
• We then introduce a direction A’, mutually to A. We can now apply the equation above. A
becomes x and A’ becomes y.
Starting with gauge B:
=

Solve (a) and (b) simultaneously:

=
Therefore:
=
Substitute for

To determine principal stresses:

We need to first determine the principal strains:

Therefore