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Electromagnetic induction - Copy

The document discusses key concepts in electromagnetism and optics, including self-inductance, Huygens' wave theory, and the principle of linear superposition. It explains the nature of inductance, the historical development of light theories, and the conditions necessary for observing interference in light waves. Various types of wavefronts and their behaviors during reflection and refraction are also described.

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SHUBHAM KRISHNAN
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8 views

Electromagnetic induction - Copy

The document discusses key concepts in electromagnetism and optics, including self-inductance, Huygens' wave theory, and the principle of linear superposition. It explains the nature of inductance, the historical development of light theories, and the conditions necessary for observing interference in light waves. Various types of wavefronts and their behaviors during reflection and refraction are also described.

Uploaded by

SHUBHAM KRISHNAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDUCTANCE

• An electric current can be induced in a coil by flux change produced by another coil in its vicinity or
flux change produced by the same coil.
Self-inductance
• The phenomenon of induction of emf in a single isolated coil due to a change of flux through the
coil by means of varying the current through the same coil is called self-induction.
• Inductance is a scalar quantity.
• The SI unit of inductance is Henry and is denoted by H.
• It has the dimensions of [ML2T–2A–2].
Inductor in electrical circuits
• The phenomenon of induction of emf in a single isolated coil due to a change of flux through the
coil by means of varying the current through the same coil is called self-induction.
• Inductance is a scalar quantity.
• The SI unit of inductance is Henry and is denoted by H.
• It has the dimensions of [ML2T–2A–2].
NEWTON'S CORPUSCULAR THEORY (1675)
• Newton believed that light is composed of corpuscles—tiny, elastic, and light particles—that are
released by luminous bodies.
• The corpuscles move in straight lines at a speed equal to the speed of light in all directions.
• The corpuscular hypothesis explains how light propagates in a vacuum, travels in a straight path,
and is subject to the laws of reflection and refraction.
• The corpuscular theory predicts, among other things, that light moves faster in denser media than
it does in rarer media. In actuality, light moves more slowly through more dense media. Newton's
corpuscular theory is incorrect as a result.
• The polarization, diffraction, and interference are not explained by the corpuscular theory.
HUYGEN'S WAVE THEORY (1678)
• Christian Huygens proposed the wave theory of light for the first time in 1678.
• Huygens provided a satisfactory explanation for the phenomena of total internal reflection,
refraction, and reflection.
• In fact, the concept gained popularity after Thomas Young's well-known interference experiments
in 1801.
HUYGENS PRINCIPLE
• Huygens, the first person to propose the wave theory of light, believed that light was a mechanical
wave traveling through an imaginary substance known as ether but later he was proved wrong.
• Light travels in a medium in the form of wavefront.
• Huygens proved reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction of light through his theory but
was not able to prove polarization of light.
WAVEFRONT:
• The locus of all particles vibrating in the same phase is known as wavefront.
• The direction of propagation of light (ray of light) or energy is perpendicular to the WF.
• The speed with which the wavefront moves outwards from the source is called the speed of the
wave.
TYPES OF WAVEFRONT:
• Spherical wavefronts:
 A spherical wave is created when a point source emits waves uniformly in all directions.
 These waves are made up of spheres that are the locus of points that vibrate in the same phase
and at the same amplitude.
• Planar wavefronts: The term "planar wavefront" refers to a wavefront that originates from an infinitely
distant point source of light.
• Cylindrical Wavefront:
 Cylindrical wavefront originates from linear source.
• The Huygens principle states that every wavefront point is the origin of a secondary disturbance,
and the wavelets that emanate from these points travel in all directions at the wave's speed. These
wavelets emanating from the wavefront are usually referred to as secondary wavelets and by
drawing a common tangent to each of these spheres, we may determine the wavefront's new
location later on.
Shapes of Wavefronts in Different Situations
Reflection from plane mirror

Reflection from curved mirror


Shapes of Wavefronts in Different Situations
Refraction from plane surface

Refraction through prism (Monochromatic beam)


Shapes of Wavefronts in Different Situations
Refraction through lens
REFRACTION AND REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVES USING HUYGENS
PRINCIPLE
Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Reflecting Surface
REFRACTION AND REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVES USING HUYGENS
PRINCIPLE
Refraction of a plane wave
PRINCIPLE OF LINEAR SUPERPOSITION:
• Light is an electromagnetic wave and it obeys the principle of superposition.
• When two or more light waves pass through a given point, then their electric fields combine
according to the principle of superposition and produce a resultant electric field.
• According to the theory of electromagnetic waves, the square of the electric field strength is
proportional to the intensity of the light, which is related to its brightness.
Conditions for interference:
• In order to observe interference in light waves, the following conditions must be met:
1. The source must be coherent: They must maintain a constant phase with respect to each other.
2. The source should be monochromatic: It should be of a single wavelength.

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