Scribd
Upload
6 views

ch2

The document outlines key concepts of database environments, including instances, schemas, and the three-layer architecture (internal, conceptual, external). It describes various data models, such as relational and object-based models, and discusses database languages, including Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML). Additionally, it highlights the functions of a Database Management System (DBMS), including data storage, retrieval, transaction support, and authorization services.

Uploaded by

surendran.phd.it
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views

ch2

The document outlines key concepts of database environments, including instances, schemas, and the three-layer architecture (internal, conceptual, external). It describes various data models, such as relational and object-based models, and discusses database languages, including Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML). Additionally, it highlights the functions of a Database Management System (DBMS), including data storage, retrieval, transaction support, and authorization services.

Uploaded by

surendran.phd.it
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

DATABASE Environment

Instance or occurrences:
Database change over time as information is inserted
and deleted.
The collection of information stored in the database
at a particular moment is an instance of the
database.
ex: Each row in the database i.e. a set of related
data’s.

Schema or intension:
 The description of a database is called the
schema or intension.
 The overall design of the database is the database
schema.
Three layer architecture
Internal level: which describe the physical storage
structure of database it use Physical data model and
describe how data is stored in a computer, representing
information such as record structures, record orderings
and access path.

b) Conceptual Database: describe the structure of whole
database for users. This describes what data is stored in
the database and the relationships among data.

c) The external-view level: include a number of external
schema. Each view describe part of the database that
particular group of user have access to.
View
A database view is a searchable object in
a database that is defined by a query.
Though a view doesn't store data, some refer
to a views as “virtual tables,” you can query
a view like you can a table.
A view can combine data from two or more
table, using joins, and also just contain a
subset of information.
Data Model
Data model is a collection of conceptual tools for
describing data, data relationships, data semantics,
and consistency constraints.
Categorize of data Model:
Object base data Model
Record base Data Model
Physical data Model

Physical Data Model - describes how data is stored


in a computer, representing information such as
record structures, record orderings and access path.
Categorize of data Model
Record data model - In this model data is organized in the
form of records with a fixed number of fields.
3 types of record-based models:
Hierarchical model
Network data Model
Relational data Model

Object-based Model
 this Model use concept such as entities, attribute, and
relationship.
An Entity is distinct object (a person,place,thing.concept,
event) in organization to represent in database.
Some of object base model are
Entity-Relationship
Semantic
Physical Data Model
describes how data is stored in a computer,
representing information such as record
structures, record orderings and access path.
Relationship model
The E-R model based on the perception that
the real world consists of basic objects called
entities, and relationship among these
entities. Entities are described in the
database by a set of attributes.
 A relationship is an association among
various entities.
The Relational model
uses collection of tables to represent both
data and the relationships among these data.
Each table has multiple columns and each
column has unique name. It is based on
mathematical relations.
Object-based Model
This model is an extension of E-R model.
Object-relational data model combines the
features of the object-oriented model and
relational model.
Database Languages
A database system provides a data definition
language and a data manipulation language.
Data Definition Language (DDL)

Used to specify the database schema. It


allows the users to define a database, specify
the data type, structure, constraints on the
data stored in the database
The database schema is specified by a set of
definitions expressed by a special language
called a DDL.
The result of compilation of the DDL
statements is a set of tables stored in a
specific files collectively called system
catalog
When a table is defined in DDL, a data
dictionary or data directory is created. A data
dictionary contains metadata-data about data.
A database consults data dictionary before
adding or modifying actual data called system
catalog.
A special type of DDL called data storage and.
The data values stored in the database must
satisfy certain consistency definition
language specifies storage structures and
access methods used by database system
constraints.
The result of compilation of the DDL
statements is a set of tables stored in a specific
file collectively.
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
-This allows the users to manipulate the data
stored like insert, update, delete or retrieve
data.
A DML is the language that enables users to
access or manipulate data as organized by
the appropriate data model.
They are of two types:

1. Procedural DML: requires user to specify


what data are needed and how to get the
data. It manipulates the database record by
record.
2. Declarative DML: requires user to specify
what data are needed without specifying
how to get those data. It can operate on sets
of records. E.g. SQL
Query is a statement requesting the retrieval
of information.
 The portion of a DML that involves
information retrieval is called a query
language.
4GL
-It stands for 4th generation Languages.
 This is a non-procedural language.
Form Generators: It allows the user to define
what the screen looks like , what information is to
be displayed and where on the screen it should
be displayed.
 Report Generators: It provides the facility to
create reports from data stored in the database.
Application generator
Graphical Generator:
Form Generators:
It allows the user to define what the screen
looks like, what information is to be displayed
and where on the screen it should be
displayed.
Report Generators
It provides the facility to create reports from
data stored in the database.
Graphics Generators
It helps to retrieve data from the database
and display the data as a graph.
Interfaces
Naive user usually use the User interface to
interacting with database it may include the
following:
1) Menu base interface
2) Form-base interface
3) Graphic User interface
4) Natural language interface
The picture below describe data interface
and its relation with other part of database
Data System End
Administrators Developers Users

CASE User Application


tools Interface Program s

Repository DBMS Database


Function of Database
1.Data storage , retrieval, and update:
A DBMS must furnish the user with ability to store, retrieve,and update
data.
2. A user accessible catalog
A cataloged in which description of data item are stored and which is
accessible to user
3. Transaction support
A DBMS must furnish a mechanism that will ensure either that all update
corresponding to given transaction are made or none of them is made.

4.Concurrency control services


A DBMS must furnish a mechanism to ensure that database is update
correctly when multiple user are updating the database concurrency
services
Function of Database
5.Recovery services
A DBMS must furnish a mechanism to ensure that
database will recover in case of data damage.
6.Authorization services
A DBMS must furnish a mechanism to ensure that
only authorize user can access the database.
7.Support for data communication
A DBMS must be capable of integrating with
communication software.
Function of Database
9.Services to promote data independence
A DBMS must include facilities to support the
independence of programs from the actual
structure of database
10.Utility Service:
A DBMS should provide a set of utilities
services

You might also like