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Development of muscular system.emb

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14 views

Development of muscular system.emb

Uploaded by

alitiger.900
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCULAR

SYSTEM
► Muscular system develops from mesoderm
except muscles of iris which are from
neuroectoderm.
► Consist of skeletal, smooth and cardiac
muscles.
► Skeletal muscles from paraxial mesoderm
 (somites).
Smooth from splanchnic mesoderm.
Pupillary, mammary gland and sweat gland smooth muscles from
ectoderm
Cardiac muscles from splanchnic mesoderm.
DEVELOPMENT OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
 Myogenesis starts with the elongation of nuclei and cell bodies of
mesenchymal cells to form myoblasts.
 Myoblasts fuse to form elongated multinucleated cylindrical structures –
myotubes . Myotubes become invested external laminae which separate
them from surrounding CT
o Myofilaments develops in the cytoplasm of myotubes. Later myofibils are
formed thus the muscle fibers develops.
 Fibroblasts produce perimysium
&epimysium
Endomysium is formed by external
lamina & reticular fibers
 Skeletal muscles develop before

birth till end of 1st year


 Occurs due to increase in

diameter because of formation


of more myofilaments
 Ultimate size depends on

amount of exercise
MYOTOMES
 Myotomes differentiate
into myogenic
(muscle-producing)
cells
 Each myotome splits

into two structures: a


dorsal epimere and a
ventral hypomere
.
EPIMERES
Epimeres give rise to the deep
epaxial muscles of the back,
including the erector spinae
and transversospinalis groups
o Epimere form extensor

muscles of neck & vertebral


column
 Extensor muscles derived

from sacral & coccygeal


myotomes degenerate
 Adult derivates are dorsal

sacrococcygeal ligaments
 These are innervated by the

dorsal ramus of the spinal


nerve.
HYPOMERES
 Hypomeres form the hypaxial muscles of the
lateral and ventral body wall in the thorax
and abdomen
 Innervated by the ventral ramus of the

spinal nerve
 Myoblasts from  Lumbar myotomes
hypaxial divisions of form the quadratus
the cervical
myotomes form the
lumborum muscle
scalene, prevertebral,  Sacrococcygeal
geniohyoid, and myotomes form
infrahyoid muscles the muscles of the
 Thoracic myotomes
pelvic diaphragm
form the lateral and and probably the
ventral flexor muscles
of the vertebral striated muscles of
column, and the the anus and sex
organs
Pharyngeal arch muscles form the
muscles of
1. Mastication
2. Facial expression
3. Pharynx
4. Larynx
Ocular muscle 3 preotic myotomes
Arise from mesenchyme near the prechordal
plate to form the extra-ocular muscles.
Tongue muscle Four pairs of occipital
myotomes appear first pair disappears while
the remaining three pairs form the muscles of
the tongue.
LIMB MUSCLES
 7th week condensations of
mesenchyme occurs at the base of
limb-bud, which has arisen from the
dorso-lateral cells of somites.

 Limbs develops from myoblasts


surrounding the developing bones
 Precursor myogenic cells in the limb
buds originate from the somites
 These cells are first located in the
ventral part of the
dermomyotome and are epithelial
in nature
 After epithelio­mesenchymal
transformation, the cells then migrate
into the primordium of the limb
DEVELOPMENT OF SMOOTH
MUSCLES
Smooth muscles differentiate from splanchnic
mesoderm surrounding the endoderm of the gut
and its derivates
Somatic mesoderm provides smooth muscles in
the wall of blood vessels and lymphatics.
Myoblasts become spindle shaped and nuclei
elongate. Myoblasts do not fuse and remain
mononucleated. Smooth muscles fibres develop
filamentous contractile elements in the cytoplasm
smooth muscles fibres form sheet or bundles.
Fibroblasts lay down collagen, elastic and reticular
fibres around the smooth muscles fibers.
DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIAC
MUSCLES

Develop from lateral splanchnic mesoderm


surrounding the heart tubes. Cardiac
myoblasts differentiate from the primordial
myocardium cardiac muscles recognizable
in the 4th week, as growth of single cells.
Myoblasts adhere to each other, but
intervening cell membranes do not
disintegrate and form intercalated discs.
CONGENITAL
ABNORMALITIES
1. Absence of sterno costal head of pect.
Major palmaris longus.
2. Poland syndrome-absence of pect.major
with syndactally
3. Arthrogryposis multiplex congenital-due
to hypoplasia of muscles
4. Congenital absence of diaph.
5. Absence of abd.muscle
6. Congenital torticolis (Wry neck)
7. Accessory muscles
ARTHROGRYPOSIS
 Multiple congenital joint
contractures
 Incidence 1:3000 live births

 Cause unclear 30% cases

have genetic factors


involved
 Neuropathic disorders &

muscle & CT abnormalities


restrict IU movements
 Lead to fetal akinesia &

joint contractures
CONGENITAL
TORTICOLLIS
 Wryneck
 Result from tearing of SCM during

childbirth
 Bleeding in localized area form

hematoma
 Later solid mass develops due to

necrosis & fibrosis


 Shortening of muscle cause lateral

bending of head
 Has also been observed in CS

delivery
 Other factors like IU crowding &

primary SCM myopathy might be


cause
The End

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