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lecture 2 BACTERIA

The document provides an overview of bacteria, detailing their characteristics, morphology, motility, nutritional types, and reproduction methods. It also discusses the role of bacteria in ecological cycles, biological control, bioremediation, sewage treatment, dairy product production, and their implications in medicine. Bacteria can be autotrophic or heterotrophic, with various forms and adaptations to different environments.

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13 views

lecture 2 BACTERIA

The document provides an overview of bacteria, detailing their characteristics, morphology, motility, nutritional types, and reproduction methods. It also discusses the role of bacteria in ecological cycles, biological control, bioremediation, sewage treatment, dairy product production, and their implications in medicine. Bacteria can be autotrophic or heterotrophic, with various forms and adaptations to different environments.

Uploaded by

amirsalama7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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week 2

LECTURE 2
BACTERIA
- Constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.
- There size may range between 1 – 15 microns.
Bacteria are the most abundant organisms
found on the earth.
-Bacteria can be adapted to live in different
conditions:
1-in cold places, hot regions.

2- in high mountains, in high salt concentration

3- in dry places, in stomach juice (acidity + enzymes).

4- in vinegar (high acidity).

5- in absence of oxygen, in boiling water.


Morphology of Bacteria:
There are 4 main forms:
A. Spherical-shaped:
They are subdivided into 6 groups:
1. Micrococci:
Which occur as single cells.
2. Diplococci:
Which occur in pairs after the cell
Divisions in one plane.
3. Tetracocci:
Which occur in fours after the cell
divides in 2 planes.
4. Sarcinae:
Which occur in eights after the cell divides
in 3 planes.
5. Streptococci:
Which occur in chain like-form after the
repeated division of the cell in one plane.

6. Staphyllococci:
Which occur in the form of cluster of cells
B. Rod-shaped: [Bacilli, (sing.) Bacillus]
They are small short or long cylinders with tapered or curved ends.

They are divided into:


1. Single bacilli: Occur singly
2. Diplobacilli: Occur in pairs.
3. Streptobacilli: Occur in a chain.
C. Spiral-shaped: These are divided into 3 groups:
1. Vibriones: Which are comma-shaped.

2. Spirilla: Which are less-twisted.

3. Spirochaetes: Which are much-twisted.


D. Filamentous bacteria: (Actinomycetes)
- It is formed of branched filaments similar to
that of fungi.
- Fungi like bacteria.
Motility or movement of bacteria:
- Bacteria are either motile or non motile.
-Most cocci are non motile.
-They transfer from one place to another by the movement of the
medium they live in (air, water, soil).
- Most bacilli and spiral-shaped bacteria are motile.
- The motility is either by

or
creeping swimming
Creeping bacteria:
- They haven’t any organs of movement.
- They move or creep slowly by contractions.
- They contract and relax in a worm-like movement.
Swimming bacteria:
- They move freely in the liquid medium.
- They have one or many flagella as organ of movement.
According to the number and position of flagella we have different forms
which are:
1. Monotrichous:
Which has one flagellum
at one end.
2. Lophotrichous:
Which has many flagella
at one end.
3. Amphitrichous:
Which has one or more
flagella at the 2 ends.
4. Peritrichous:
Which has many flagella surrounding the cell.
1- Autotrophic Bacteria
These are bacteria which are able to synthesize their own organic food from

inorganic substances. They use carbon dioxide for obtaining carbon and utilize

hydrogen sulphide (H2S) or ammonia (NH3) or hydrogen (H2) as the source of

hydrogen to reduce carbon. These bacteria can be distinguished further into two

types as follows:

Photoautotrophic Bacteria Chemosynthetic Bacteria

2- Heterotrophic Bacteria
These are bacteria which are unable to manufacture their own organic food and

hence are dependent on external source.

Symbiotic Bacteria Saprophytic Parasitic Bacteria


1- (Autotrophic) Photoautotrophic Bacteria
The photoautotrophic bacteria possess photosynthetic pigments in
membrane bound lamellae (or thylakoids) and utilize solar energy. The
bacterial photosynthesis is different from that of green plants since here
water is not used as a hydrogen donor. Hence oxygen is not released as a
byproduct. For this reason, the process is described as anoxygenic
photosynthesis.
2- (Autotrophic) Chemosynthetic Bacteria
These are bacteria which manufacture organic compounds from
inorganic raw materials utilizing energy liberated from the oxidation of
inorganic substances. Following are the common types of chemo
autotrophic bacteria.
1. Nitrifying bacteria which derive energy by oxidizing ammonia into
nitrates. Eg: Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter.
2. Sulphur bacteria which derive energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulphide
to sulphur. Eg: Thiobacillus, Beggiatoa.

3. Iron Bacteria which derive energy by oxidising ferrous ions into ferric
form. Eg: Ferrobacillus, Gallionella.
2- Heterotrophic Bacteria
Symbiotic Bacteria
These are bacteria which live in a mutually beneficial association with other
organisms. Such bacteria derive the essential nutrients from their host
organisms and in that process help the host through some of their biological
activities. The most familiar example of symbiotic bacteria are the nitrogen
fixing bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plants. Bacteria such
as Rhizobium and Pseudomonas reside in the root nodules and reduce
atmospheric nitrogen directly to ammonia.
Parasitic Bacteria
These are bacteria which occur in the body of animals and plants,
obtaining their organic food from there. Most of these bacteria are
pathogenic, causing serious diseases in the host organisms either by
exploiting them or by releasing poisonous secretions called toxins.
Saprophytic bacteria
- bacterium, that lives and feeds on dead organic matter.
Reproduction of bacteria:
There are 3 types:
A. Vegetative reproduction:
- This occur by very rapid and simple way of division known
as binary fission.
- It takes 30 min. – 6 hr. to occur.
B. Asexual reproduction:
- Occur in unfavorable condition in special types of bacteria.
- There are 2 forms:
1. Conidia formation:
2. Endospores:
- Endospores can resist high temperature and high acidity
and alkalinity.
Bacteria in the living world
I. Bacteria and the Cycles of Matter:
1. The Carbon Cycle
2. The Nitrogen Cycle
II. Biological Control
III. Bioremediation
IV. Anaerobic Sewage Treatment
V. Dairy Products
VI. Bacteria in Medicine
I. Bacteria and the Cycles of
Matter

1. The Carbon Cycle:


2. The Nitrogen Cycle:
1. The Carbon Cycle:
1. Carbon Dioxide Fixation into organic compounds by
Photoautotrophs (e.g: Green plants, Algae,
Cyanobacteria
2. Chemoheterotrophs (e.g: Animals) consume the
organic compounds (e.g: plants) and may be eaten by
other animals.
3. CO2 is released into the atmosphere through
Respiration. Or it may be excreted as waste.
4. When the organisms die, the organic compounds of
their bodies are deposited in the soil and decomposed
by other microorganisms (eg. Bacteria ) and CO2 is
then returned to the atmosphere again.
5. Carbon is stored in rocks, such as Limestone
(CaCO3) and is dissolved as carbonate ions (CO3-) in
oceans.
6. Carbon is also stored in fossil forms such as Coal and
Petroleum
7. Burning such fossil fuels releases CO2.
The Carbon Cycle
2. The Nitrogen Cycle:

The nitrogen cycle is the process by


which nitrogen is converted between its
various chemical forms.
1. Nitrogen fixation
2. Ammonia Assimilation
3. Nitrification
4. Denitrification
The Nitrogen Cycle
1. Nitrogen Fixation
2. Ammonia Assimilation

Microbial
Decomposition
Proteins Amino acids
(Dead cells &
waste Products)
Microbial
Ammonification
Amino acids Ammonia
(NH3)
3. Nitrification
• Oxidation of Ammonium ions to Nitrite
• By Autotrophic Nitrifying Bacteria

Nitrosomanas
NH4 + NO2-
Ammonia Oxidation Nitrite

Nitrobacter
NO2 -
NO3-
Nitrite Oxidation Nitrate
(Source of N2 for protein
synthesis by plants
4. Denitrification
• Loss of Nitrogen to the atmosphere as
Nitrogen gas by bacteria in Anaerobic
Respiration

NO3- NO2- N2O N2


Nitrate ion Nitrite ion Nitrous Nitrogen
oxide gas
II. Biological Control
• The use of certain microorganisms and / or their toxins
to kill or disable the insect pest of certain crop plants.
• They called Microbial Insecticides .
• Such as Bacteria used for the biological control of
insects via infection of their digestive tracts.
• e.g Bacillus thuringiensis
• For the control of Mosquito- born diseases such as
Malaria
III. Bioremediation
• Bioremediation is a waste management technique
that involves the use of organisms to remove or
neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site.
• Such as the bioremediation of oil spills.
• Microorganisms used to perform the function of
bioremediation are known as Bioremediators.
• e.g. Pseudomonas cepacia can decompose toxic waste
into harmless residues within 6 months.
IV. Anaerobic Sewage Treatment

• Sewage treatment is the process of removing


contaminants from wastewater.
• Anaerobic bacteria e.g. (Colistridium) breakdown
complex organic compounds in sewage into simple
substances such as acetate, lactate, ethanol, CO2,
hydrogen, methane.
V. Dairy Products
• Dairy Products manufactured by the addition of
certain bacteria e.g. (Colistridium) to the pasteurized
milk to produce:
 Butter Milk
 Yogurt
 Sour Cream
 Cheese
VI. Bacteria in Medicine
• Some Pathogenic Bacteria can cause Human Diseases
.

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