Transformer

PHYSICS
PROJECT FILE
Second ar:/
NAME : ARYAN RAJ Circuit

CLASS : XII SECTION : A

ROLL NO. : 3
TOPIC: A.C. TRANSFORMER

SUBMITTED TO:
MR.ABHISHEK SHUKLA
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ARYAN RAJ,a
student of class XII-A has
successfully completed the
research on the below
mentioned project under the
guidance of
MR.ABHISHEK SHUKLA during the
year 2024-25 in partial fulfillment
of physics practical examination
conducted by CBSE, New Delhi.
Signature of Examiner:

Signature of Physics Teacher:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned upon
me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank God for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I would
like to thank my principal MRS. JAYA GUAR and
physics teacher MR.ABHISHEK SHUKLA whose
valuable guidance has been the ones that helped
me patch this project and make it full proof
success ,his suggestions and his instructions has
served as the major contributor towards the
completion of the project. Then I would like to
thank my parents and friends who have helped
me with their valuable suggestions and guidance
has been helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project. Last but not the least I
would like to thank my classmates who have
helped me a lot.
INDEX
CONTENT PAGE NO

Certificate 02

Acknowledgement 03

Topic 05

Introduction 06

Principle 07

Construction 08

Theory 9-11

Working 12

Material Required 14

Procedure 15

Observation 16

Application 18

Conclusion 19

Precaution 20

Reference 21
 INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is a
static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive
coupling between its winding circuits.
Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units
weighing hundreds of tons used in power plant substations
or to interconnect portions of the power grid. All operate on
the same basic principles, although the range of designs is
wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for
transformers in some electronic circuits, transfonners are still
found in many electronic devices. Transfonners are essential
for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes
long-distance trans1nission economically practical. A
transformer is most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
fro1n one circuit to another circuit takes place without the
use of 1noving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step-up transformer. A transformer
which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer. Transforn1er is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
 PRINCIPLE
The electric transformer works on the
fundamental principle of electromagnetic induction,
a concept first discovered by Michael Faraday in
the 19th century. The transformer consists of two
coils of wire, known as the primary and secondary
windings, which are usually wound around a common
magnetic core. When an alternating current (AC)
flows through the primary winding, it generates a
changing magnetic field around the coil.
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction, this changing magnetic field induces an
electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the
secondary winding. The key principle here is that the
transformer relies on the mutual induction between the
primary and secondary windings through the magnetic
flux linkage.

--- /1 changing
B

- L - --------{
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Galvanometer
 MATERIAL REQUIRED
Iron Rod

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Copper wire

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
core

primary circuit secondary circuit

 PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick
paper and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu
wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper
and wound relatively smaller number of turns (say
20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step-down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the
input voltage and current using A.C volt111eter
and ammeter respectively.
4.Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through S1 and S2 .
5. Now connect S1 and S2 to A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made
transfonners by changing number of turns in
primary and secondary coil.
 CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular

shaft iron core made of laminated
sheets, well insulated from one
another. Two coils P1 & P2 and S1 & S2 are
wound on the same core, but are well
insulated with each other. Note that the both
the coils are insulated from the core, the
source of alternating e.m.f is connected to
P1P2, the primary coil and
a load resistance R is connected to S 1 S 2 , the
secondary coil through an open switch S. thus
there can be no current through the sec. coil
so long as the switch is open. For an ideal
transformer, we assume that the resistance of
the primary & secondary winding is
negligible. Further, the energy loses due to
magnetic the iron core is also negligible. For
operation at low frequency, we may have a
soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by
joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to
insulate them to reduce energy losses by
eddy currents. The input circuit is called
primary. And the output circuit is called
secondary.
 THEORY
When an altering e.n.f. is supplied to the primary
coil p 1 p 2 , an alternating current starts falling in
it. The altering current in the pri1nary produces a
changing 1nagnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary. In a good­ transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked
with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to
that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus, if
EP and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.'s
induced in the primary and the secondary coil
and NP and Ns are the no. of turns of the
primary and secondary coils of the transformer
and,
d<Pbfdt = rate of change of flux in each turn of
the coil at this instant,
we have,
EP = -Npd<Pb /dt ---------------------(1) and
Es = -Nsdc/Jb / dt -----------------------(2)

Since the above relations are true at every

instant, so by dividing 2 by I we get,

Es/ Ep = -NS/ Np -------------------------(3)

As EP is the instantaneous value of back

e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due
to the difference (E - Ep) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back
e.m.f. further if RP is the resistance of p1p2 ,
coil, then the instantaneous current IP in the
primary coil is given by:
lp=E-p/Rp
E - Ep =
IpRp
When the resistance of the primary is small, lpRp can be
neglected so therefore,
E - Ep -- 0 or E --
Ep
Thus, Backe. m. f = Input e. m. f
Hence equation (3) can be written as,
E /E = E /E= outpute.m.f= N /N= K
s P s Input e.m.f s P
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step-up transformer

Es > E so K > l,hence Ns > NP

In a step-down transformer

Es < E so K < l,hence Ns < NP

If/ P = Value of primary current at the sa1ne instant t

and
Is = Value of secondary current at this instant,
then Input power at the instant t = Eplp and
Output power at the same instant = Es!s
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
then Input power= output power or
In a step-up transformer
As K > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
I.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage,
we lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly, it can
be shown, that in a step-down transformer, whatever
we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same
ratio.
Thus, a step-up transformer in reality steps down the
current &Step
a step­ down transformer steps up the current.
Up Transformer
Primary Secondary

, o o v · v
1 A 0 - · 11.-lllt, l.1J IU 111, 2.5 A

Core
1000W 1000 W

Step Down Transformer

Primary Secondary

1000V o v
2A SO turn 10 turns:== 10 A

Core
2000 W 2000 W

H I P, f'P
Downloaded from: https://www.knowledgecycle.in
 WORKING
A Transformer based on the Principle of
mutual induction according to this principle,
the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighbouring coil that is if a varying current is
set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is produced
in the neighbouring circuit. The varying
current in a circuit produce varying magnetic
flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighbouring
circuit.
The transformer consists of two coils. They
are insulated with each other by insulated
material and wound on a common core. For
operation at low frequency, we may have a
soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by
joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to
insulate them to reduce energy losses by
eddy currents. The input circuit is called
primary. And the output circuit is called
12I ll, ?
secondary.
P
 EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the

ratio of output power to the input power i.e.
E= Output Power/ Input Power

Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there is

no power losses, 11 = 1. But in actual
practice, there are many power losses;
therefore, the efficiency of transformer is
less than one.
 OBSERVATIONS
1.We will find that ratio of Vp and Vs across the
two coils is equal to the ratio of nutnber of
turns in the coil P to that in the coil S. i.e.,
Vp/Vs = Np/ N5 ---------------- (1)

2.The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied)

is called the primary and coil S (in which
AC is induced) is called the secondary.

3.Since coil Sis placed very close to the coil P,

the power in the pri1nary is transferred
into the secondary through mutual induction.

4.It is clear from equation 1, that by appropriate

choice of the tum ratio i.e., Np/ Ns, we can

obtain a higher voltage or lower voltage in S
compared to that in P.
 ENERGY LOSS
In practice, the output energy of a
transformer is always less than the input
energy, because energy losses occur due to
a number of reasons as explained below.

0 Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling

between the coils is seldom perfect. So,
whole of the magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil is not linked up with the
secondary coil.
0 Iron Loss: In actual iron cores
in spite of lamination, Eddy currents
are produced. The magnitude of eddy
current may, however be small. And a
part of energy is lost as the heat
produced in the iron core.
0 Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of
the transformer possess resistance. So,
a part of the energy is lost due to the
heat produced in the resistance of the
coil.

0 Hysteresis Loss: The alternating

current in the coi I tapes the iron core
through complete cycle of
magnetization. So, Energy is lost due
to hysteresis.

0 Magneto restriction: The

alternating current in the Transformer
may be set its parts in to vibrations and
sound may be produced. It is called
hu1nming. Thus, a part of energy 1nay
be lost due to humtning.
APPLICATION OF TRANSFORMER

1. Electric Power Transmission: Transformers are crucial

in power transmission networks to step up voltage for
efficient long-distance transmission and step-down
voltage for distribution to end-users.

2. Voltage Regulation: Transformers help 1naintain a

stable voltage level by adjusting the voltage as needed,
ensuring consistent and reliable electrical supply.

3. Voltage Transformation: Transformers change the

voltage levels, allowing electricity to be transmitted at
high voltages to reduce energy losses and then be
distributed at lower voltages for use.

4.Industrial Applications: Transformers power various

industrial 1nachinery and equip1nent by adapting
electrical voltage to 1neet specific operational
require1nents.

5.Electrical Appliances: Many electronic devices and

appliances use transformers to convert electricity
to the required voltage for their operation.
 REFERENCE
• NCERT textbook class 12

• NCERT physics lab Manual

• www.google.com

• Wikipedia.com

• https://www.electrical4u.
com