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Combinational Circuits

Combinational circuits are logic circuits where the output depends solely on current inputs, without memory of previous states. Key examples include ripple carry adders, which cascade full adders for multi-bit addition, and encoders, which convert multiple inputs into a binary code. Multiplexers and demultiplexers are also important, allowing multiple inputs to be routed to a single output and vice versa.

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8 views

Combinational Circuits

Combinational circuits are logic circuits where the output depends solely on current inputs, without memory of previous states. Key examples include ripple carry adders, which cascade full adders for multi-bit addition, and encoders, which convert multiple inputs into a binary code. Multiplexers and demultiplexers are also important, allowing multiple inputs to be routed to a single output and vice versa.

Uploaded by

Asheeqa Kp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Combinational Circuits

Combinational circuit is a circuit in which we combine the


different gates in the circuit, for example encoder, decoder,
multiplexer and demultiplexer.
Characteristics of combinational circuits are following −
• The output of combinational circuit at any instant of time,
depends only on the levels present at input terminals.
• The combinational circuit do not use any memory. The
previous state of input does not have any effect on the
present state of the circuit.
• A combinational circuit can have an n number of inputs and
m number of outputs.
Important combinational circuits
Ripple carry adder circuit

Multiple full adder circuits can be cascaded in parallel


to add an N-bit number. For an N- bit parallel adder,
there must be N number of full adder circuits.
A ripple carry adder is a logic circuit in which the
carry-out of each full adder is the carry in of the
succeeding next most significant full adder. It is called
a ripple carry adder because each carry bit gets
rippled into the next stage. In a ripple carry adder the
sum and carry out bits of any half adder stage is not
valid until the carry in of that stage occurs.
Working of 4-bit Ripple Carry Adder

• Let’s take an example of two input sequences


0101 and 1010. These are representing the A4
A3 A2 A1 and B4 B3 B2 B1..
• As per this adder concept, input carry is 0.
• When A1 & B1 are applied at 1st full adder along with input carry 0.
• Here A1 =1 ; B1=0 ; Cin=0
• Sum (S1) and carry (C1) will be generated as per the Sum and Carry
equations of this adder. As per its theory, the output equation for the
Sum = A1⊕B1⊕Cin and Carry = A1B1⊕B1Cin⊕CinA1
• As per this equation, for 1st full adder S1 =1 and Carry output i.e.,
C1=0.
• Same like for next input bits A2 and B2, output S2 = 1 and C2 = 0.
Here the important point is the second stage full adder gets input
carry i.e., C1 which is the output carry of initial stage full adder.
• Like this will get the final output sequence (S4 S3 S2 S1) = (1 1 1 1)
and Output carry C4 = 0
Carry Look-ahead Adder
The carry-in of any stage full adder depends only on the following two

parameters-

• Bits being added in the previous stages

• Carry-in provided in the beginning

• The above two parameters are always known from the beginning.So, the carry-in

of any stage full adder can be evaluated at any instant of time.Thus, any full adder

need not wait until its carry-in is generated by its previous stage full adder.
Two new terms are introduced –
Carry generate and carry propagate.
Gi = Ai. Bi.
Pi = Ai ⊕ Bi
Encoders

• An Encoder is a combinational circuit that


performs the reverse operation of Decoder. It
has maximum of 2n input lines and ‘n’ output
lines. It will produce a binary code equivalent
to the input, which is active High. Therefore,
the encoder encodes 2n input lines with ‘n’
bits.
Decimal to BCD encoder
A decimal to BCD (binary
coded decimal) encoder is also known as 10-
line to 4-line encoder. It accepts 10- inputs and
produces a 4-bit output corresponding to the
activated decimal input.
Multiplexer

A multiplexer is a circuit that accept many input but


give only one output. A demultiplexer function
exactly in the reverse of a multiplexer, that is a
demultiplexer accepts only one input and gives many
outputs. Generally multiplexer and demultiplexer are
used together, because of the communication systems
are bi directional.

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