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Week 4 Slides (3)

The document discusses the cantilever method of approximate analysis in structural engineering, focusing on its application to tall and slender frames. It outlines key assumptions, such as the placement of hinges at points of zero moment and the linear variation of axial stress in columns. The document also provides a step-by-step example of determining reactions at the base of columns using this method.

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Teslim Ayomide
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4 views

Week 4 Slides (3)

The document discusses the cantilever method of approximate analysis in structural engineering, focusing on its application to tall and slender frames. It outlines key assumptions, such as the placement of hinges at points of zero moment and the linear variation of axial stress in columns. The document also provides a step-by-step example of determining reactions at the base of columns using this method.

Uploaded by

Teslim Ayomide
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


Cantilever method of
approximate analysis
CEE 565: THEORY OF STRUCTURE II
2

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


 The cantilever method is based on
the same action as a long-
cantilevered beam subjected to a
Introduction transverse load. Such a loading
causes a bending stress in the beam
that varies linearly from the beam’s
neutral axis.
3

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


 In a similar manner, the lateral loads
on a frame tend to tip the frame
over or cause a rotation of the frame
about a “neutral axis” lying in a
horizontal plane that passes through
the columns between each floor.
4

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


 To counteract this tipping, the
axial forces (or stress) in the
columns will be tensile on one
side of the neutral axis and
compressive on the other side.
5

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


 Like the cantilevered beam, it
therefore seems reasonable to
assume this axial stress has a
linear variation from the
centroid of the column areas
or neutral axis.
6

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


 The cantilever method is
therefore appropriate if the
frame is tall and slender or has
columns with different cross-
sectional areas.
7
 In summary, using the cantilever

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


method, the following assumptions

apply to a fixed-supported frame.


Assumptions
A hinge is placed at the center of
for the 1.

Cantilever each girder, since this is assumed to

method be a point of zero moment.

2. A hinge is placed at the center of

each column, since this is assumed

to be a point of zero moment.


8
3. The axial stress in a column is proportional to

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


its distance from the centroid of the cross-

sectional areas of the columns at a given floor

Assumptions level. Since stress equals force per area, then in

for the the special case of the columns having equal

cross-sectional areas, the force in a column is


Cantilever
also proportional to its distance from the
method centroid of the column areas.

 These three assumptions reduce the frame to

one that is both stable and statically

determinate.
9
Example 1

 Determine (approximately) the reactions at


the base of the columns of the frame shown
in Figure 1. The columns are assumed to
have equal cross-sectional areas. Use the
cantilever method of analysis.

Figure 1
Dr. S.O. Odeyemi
10

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


 First hinges are placed at the
midpoints of the columns and
Solution to
girders. The locations of these points
Example 1
are indicated by the letters G
through L in Figure 1.
11

 The centroid of the columns’ cross-


sectional areas can be determined by
inspection, Figure 2, or analytically as
follows:
Figure 2

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


12

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


 The axial stress in each column is
thus proportional to its distance from
this point. Here the columns have
the same cross-sectional area, and
so the force in each column is also
proportional to its distance from the
centroid.
13
 Hence, a section through the hinges H

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


and K at the top story yields the free-
body diagram shown in Figure 3. Note
how the column to the left of the centroid
must be subjected to tension and the one
on the right is subjected to compression.
This is necessary in order to counteract
the tipping caused by the 30-kN force.
Figure 3
Summing moments about the neutral
axis, we have:
14

 The unknowns can be related by

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


proportional triangles, Figure 3, that
is,

Figure 3
15

 In a similar manner, using a section

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


of the frame through the hinges at G
and L, Figure 4, we have:

Figure 4
16

 Each part of the frame can now be analyzed


using the above results. We begin at the
upper corner where the applied loading
occurs, i.e., segment HCI. Applying the three
equations of equilibrium, yields the results
for and respectively, shown on the free- Figure 5
body diagram in Figure 5.

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi


17

 Using these results, segment IDK is


analyzed next, Figure 6; followed by
HJG, Figure 7.
Figure 6

Figure 7
Dr. S.O. Odeyemi
18

 Then KJL, Figure 8; and finally the


bottom portions of the columns,
Figure 9 and Figure 10.
Figure 8

Figure 9 Figure 10
Dr. S.O. Odeyemi
19

Thank you for listening

Dr. S.O. Odeyemi

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