Amity School of Engineering

B.Tech., CSE(5th Sem.) & ECE(3rd Sem.)

Java Programming
Topic: Inheritance

ANIL SAROLIYA

Learning About the Concept of Inheritance

 Features of good software design

Correctness Reliability Robustness Reusability Efficiency Ease Of Maintenance
This feature gives the concept of inheritance in Object Oriented Programming

Learning About the Concept of Inheritance

Principle of Inheritance
Applies general knowledge to specific objects Enables one class to derive data and methods of another

Inheritance in non-programming situations

attributes passed on with genes Behaviors may also be passed on with genes

Example drawn from Employee class

Display Employee class in code Use class diagram to specify data and method members Figure: The Employee Class

Learning About the Concept of Inheritance (continued )

Data contained in three rectangles of class diagram
Class name, data Fields, method headers Minus (-) sign before identifier indicates private member Plus (+) sign before identifier indicates public member

Employee class diagram

Private attributes: employee number and salary Public members: (2) getters and (2) setters for data

Figure: The Employee Class Diagram

Every Employee object has some number and salary

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Learning About the Concept of Inheritance (continued )

EmployeeWithTerritory extends Employee class

EmployeeWithTerritory's relationship to Employee
Inherits public methods of Employee class Adds new private data field for employee territory Adds public setter and getter methods for new data field

Three benefits to extending Employee

Reduced time to code new class (pre-existing tools) Reduced debugging time (building on tested code) Reduced learning time (fewer new methods)

Figure: Relationship between Employee & EmployeeWithTerritory Classes

Learning About the Concept of Inheritance (continued )

Base class: provides basis for inheritance
Also called parent or superclass Example: Employee

Derived class: inherits data and methods from base class

Also called child or subclass Example: EmployeeWithTerritory

Extending Classes
extends keyword achieves inheritance in Java extends used in first line of class declaration
public class EmployeeWithTerritory extends Employee

Employee is superclass to EmployeeWithTerritory subclass

Subclass gets public data and methods from Employee Subclass may have additional data and methods

Inheritance is one-way: child inherits from parent

Figure: The EmployeeWithTerritory Classes

Method Overriding

Overriding Superclass Methods Polymorphism: a feature of object-oriented design

Permits many implementations under one name Sometimes associated with operator overloading (but not in java) Example: Plus (+) sign could mean addition or concatenation

Method overriding is a type of polymorphism

Applies to identical method headers (not overloading) in the multiple classes(under inheritance)

Subtype polymorphism: child overrides parent

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Understanding How Constructors are Called During Inheritance

As we know that Constructors have same name as class itself Inheritance adds complexity to object construction Superclass and subclass constructors called to create subclass Superclass constructor executes before subclass constructor
public class ASuperClass { public ASuperClass() { System.out.println("In superclass constructor"); } } public class ASubClass extends ASuperClass { public ASubClass() { System.out.println("In subclass constructor"); } } public class DemoConstructors { public static void main(String[] args) Result: { ASubClass child = new ASubClass(); In superclass constructor } In subclass constructor }

Figure: Three classes that shows constructor calling

when a subclass object is instantiated
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Using Superclass Constructors that Require Arguments Default constructor never requires arguments
Java automatically provides default constructor Programmers may define default constructor

Subclass may use superclass default constructor Some superclasses only have parameterized constructors If Superclass lacks default, subclass calls superclass constructor
Format of statement: create super (list of arguments) in subclass constructor Call to superclass constructor executed first

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Accessing Superclass Methods

Subclass method overrides parent's with identical signature Overridden parent method may be accessed in subclass Technique: call parent method using super keyword
Example: super.display( ); appears in child With this compiler binds child class display( ) to parent class

Demonstration: TestCustomers class

Parent class is Customer, child is PreferredCustomer PreferredCustomer's display( ) calls parent's display( )

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public class Customer { private int idNumber; private double balanceOwed; public Customer(int id, double bal) { idNumber = id; balanceOwed = bal; } public void display() { System.out.println("Customer #" + idNumber + " Balance $" + balanceOwed); } } public class PreferredCustomer extends Customer { double discountRate; public PreferredCustomer(int id, double bal, double rate) //in child class { super (id, bal); discountRate = rate; } public void display() //in child class { super.display(); System.out.println("Discount rate is " + discountRate); } } public class TestCustomers { public static void main(String[] args) { Customer oneCust = new Customer(124, 123.45); PreferredCustomer onePCust = new PreferredCustomer(125, 3456.78, 0.15); oneCust.display(); Output onePCust.display(); Customer #124 Balance $123.45 } Customer #125 Balance $3456.78 } Discount rate is 0.15

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Information Hiding

Learning about Information Hiding

Information hiding: concept of keeping data private Information hiding support with three access modifiers private: member known to public member of same class protected: member known within class and child classes public: member generally accessible Data generally declared private or protected Public setters and getters access data Only public or protected members may be inherited111

Figure: The Student Classes

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Using Methods You Cannot Override

Subclass cannot override three types of method

static methods final methods Methods within final classes

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A Subclass Cannot Override static Members in Its Superclass

Subclass cannot override static methods in parent Override attempts result in compiler error Example:
public class BaseballPlayer { private int jerseyNumber; private double battingAvg; public static void printOrigins() { System.out.println("Abner Doubleday is often " + "credited with inventing baseball"); } } public class ProfessionalBaseballPlayer extends BaseballPlayer { double salary; public void printOrigins() //Trying for overriding, it generates compiler error {
System.out.println("The first professional " + "major league baseball game was played in 1871");

} }

Note: Its also not possible for child class to call parent's printOrigins( ) method with super
keyword. Its also leads compilation error.
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A Subclass Cannot Override static Members in Its Superclass (continued..)

Partial solution: make child's printOrigins( ) method as static Child's static method hides static parent method
public class BaseballPlayer { private int jerseyNumber; private double battingAvg; public static void printOrigins() { System.out.println("Abner Doubleday is often " + "credited with inventing baseball"); } } public class ProfessionalBaseballPlayer extends BaseballPlayer { double salary; public static void printOrigins() // hides static parent method & treated as independent method {
System.out.println("The first professional " + "major league baseball game was played in 1871");

} }
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A Subclass Cannot Override static Members in Its Superclass (continued..)

Child may still access parent member Must use parent name in method call
public class BaseballPlayer { private int jerseyNumber; private double battingAvg; public static void printOrigins() { System.out.println("Abner Doubleday is often " + "credited with inventing baseball"); } } public class ProfessionalBaseballPlayer extends BaseballPlayer { double salary; public static void printOrigins() { BaseballPlayer.printOrigins(); //accessing the parent member method
System.out.println("The first professional " + "major league baseball game was played in 1871");

} }
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Output of the previous slide

public class TestProPlayer { public static void main(String[] args) { ProfessionalBaseballPlayer aBowler= new ProfessionalBaseballPlayer(); aBowler.printOrigins(); } }

Result:
Abner Doubleday is often credited with inventing baseball The first professional major league baseball game was played in 1871

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A Subclass Cannot Override final Members in Its Superclass

As we all know, final modifier is used to create constants final modifier may be applied to methods final methods are not overridden by subclass methods What is final Method? Answer: final methods are inlining candidates
Inline: replace method call with method definition final functions bound to objects at compile time virtual functions (default) bound to objects at run time

Example (code available in next slide): Child tries overriding final method in BasketballPlayer class

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A Subclass Cannot Override final Members in Its Superclass (continued..)

Subclass cannot override final methods in parent Override attempts result in compiler error Example:
public class BasketballPlayer { private int jerseyNumber; public final void printMessage() { System.out.println ("Michael Jordan is the " + "greatest basketball player - and that is final"); } } public class ProfessionalBasketballPlayer extends BasketballPlayer { double salary; public final void printMessage() //Trying for overriding, it generates compiler error {
System.out.println( I have nothing to say");

} }
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A Subclass Cannot Override Methods in a final Superclass

Classes may be declared final Internal methods of final classes are automatically converted into final mode Final classes cannot be parents because final access modifier stop sub-classing (inheritance) mechanism Example (code available in next slide): ProfessionalBasketballPlayer tries to override final BasketballPlayer

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A Subclass Cannot Override Methods in a final Superclass (continued..) Following override attempts result in compiler error Example:
public final class BasketballPlayer { private int jerseyNumber; public final void printMessage() { System.out.println ("Michael Jordan is the " + "greatest basketball player - and that is final"); } } Not possible to inherit the final class public class ProfessionalBasketballPlayer extends BasketballPlayer { double salary; public final void printMessage() //Trying for overriding generates compiler error {
System.out.println( I have nothing to say");

} }
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Amity School of Engineering B.Tech., CSE(5th Sem.) & ECE(3rd Sem.)

Thanks
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