DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES AND

ORGANIZATIONS
Production Design and Development
Product Development Process
Concept
Concept System-Level
System-Level Detail
Detail Testing
Testingand
and Production
Production
Planning
Planning Development
Development Design
Design Design
Design Refinement
Refinement Ramp-Up
Ramp-Up
Mission Concept System Spec Critical Design Production
Approval Review Review Review Approval
Concept Development Process
Missio Developme
n Plan Plan
Set
Statem Identify Establish Generate Select Test
Final
Down
ent Customer Target Product Product Product stream
Specifi
Needs SpecificationsConcepts Concept(s) Concept(s) Develop
cations
ment

Perform Economic Analysis

Benchmark Competitive Products

Build and Test Models and Prototypes

Perform Economic Analysis
- Cost/Benefits analysis
Benchmark Competitive Products
- Competitive benchmarking is the process of comparing your
company against a number of competitors using a set
collection of metrics. This is used to measure the
performance of a company and compare it to others over
time.
Build and Test Models and Prototypes
A prototype is the preliminary model of your big idea or the product in
development. Use prototypes to test the usability, desirability, or viability of
your idea.
Prototype testing measuring and validating of your product functions.
Core development stages
• Solution approach
• Concept design
• Architectural design
• Detailed design
• Process design
• Fabrication and assembly
• Test and deployment
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Solution Approach
I. Concept for solutions
- Solution Approach: A description of the approach that will
be taken to implement a new set of capabilities. Solution approaches
describe the types of solution components that will be delivered
(new processes, a new software application, etc.) and may also
describe the methodology that will be used to deliver those
components.
II. DFX – Design for Excellence
- is a systematic approach for designing a product where X
represents the objectives or characteristics of a product or process.
“Design for X (DfX) is a set of technical guidelines that may be applied
during the design of a product for the optimization of a specific
aspect of design
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Concept development
• A description of the form, function, and
features of a product
• A set of specifications
• An economic justification of the project.

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System (architectural) design
• Definition of product architecture, with an
assembly layout.
• Division of the product into subsystems
and components, each with a functional
specification.

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Detailed design
• Complete specification of the geometry,
materials, and tolerances of each of the
unique parts
• Identification of all standard parts to be
purchased.
• Establishment of a process plan and
tooling

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Test and refinement
• Construction and evaluation of multiple pre-
production versions of the product.
• Early (alpha) prototypes are usually built with
production-intent parts (but may not be with the
intended production processes) for testing in the
designer's environment, if the design intent and key
customer needs are met.
• Later (beta) prototypes are built with parts supplied
by the intended production processes (but may not
be with the intended-assembly process), tested by
customers in their environment, and to evaluate
product performance and reliability.
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Production ramp-up
• The product is made using the intended
production system.
• To train the work force and to work out any
remaining problems in the production
processes.

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A generic concept development process
1. Identifying customer needs
2. Establishing target specifications
3. Concept generation
4. Concept selection
5. Concept testing
6. Setting final specifications
7. Project planning
8. Economic analysis
9. Benchmarking of competitive products
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Rapid Iteration PD Process
Many Iteration
Cycles
Concept System
Production
Planning Develop Level Design Build Test
Ramp-Up
ment Design

Mission Concept Cycle Plan Cycle

Approval Review Review Review
 Concept Development Process
Missio Developme
n Plan Plan
Set
Statem Identify Establish Generate Select Test
Final
Down
ent Customer Target Product Product Product stream
Specifi
Needs SpecificationsConcepts Concept(s) Concept(s) Develop
cations
ment

Perform Economic Analysis

Benchmark Competitive Products
Build and Test Models and Prototypes
• Front-end of PD need not be a fuzzy process.
• Structured methods exist for each process step
• This is not strictly sequential -- generally a parallel and iterative
process.
 Tyco Product Development Process
DEFINE CONCEIVE DESIGN OPTIMIZE VERIFY

Project Concept Feasibility Preliminary Final Product Process Post-Launch

Launch
Registration Definition and Planning Design Design Verification Verification Assessment

RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP RP
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tyco Product Development Process
Organizational types
• Strict functional organization
• Strict project organization
• Matrix organization

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Matrix organization
• A hybrid of functional and project
organizations
• Each individual is linked to others
according to both the project they work on
and their functions
• Each has two supervisors: project
manager and functional manager.
• Two variants of the matrix organizations
– Heavyweight project organization (i.e., strong project
links).
– Lightweight project organization (strong functional
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links).
Factors for affecting an org. structure
• Importance of cross-functional integration
• Criticalness of cutting-edge functional
expertise to business success
• Utilization of resources from each function
• Importance of product development speed

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Organizational linkages
· Reporting relationship
· Financial arrangement
· Physical layout.

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Variants of the development process
• Market pull products
• Technology push products
• Platform products
• Process-intensive products
• Customized products
• high-risk product
• Quick build products
• Complex systems
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Variants
• Market-pull products
– The firm finds a market opportunity and a technology
to meet customer's needs. Thermo care.
• Technology-push products
– The firm begins with a new technology and then finds
a market for it. Glue for “post-it.”
• Platform products
– Use of a proven technology platform to build a new
product. Instant film used in Polaroid cameras.
• Process-intensive products
– Develop product and process simultaneously.
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Variants
• Customized products
– Build a new product by varying existing
configurations.
• High-risk products
– Intensive and early test and analysis
• Quick-build products
– Rapid modeling & prototyping at testing phase
• Complex systems
– Subsystems and integration worked by teams26
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Traditional design methods
• Aggregation
– (include new functions)
• Adaptation
– (adapt to new conditions)
• Application
– (apply a proven technology to a new area)
• analysis of properties
– (thorough analysis of an existing design to improve)
• Brainstorming
– (find many solutions to a problem)
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Traditional design methods
• systematic search of field
– (obtain complete possible information)
• Questioning
– (apply a system of questions to produce mental
simulation)
• mental experiment
– (observe an idealized mental model at work)
• value analysis
• Evaluation
– (find best variant among a few by point-counting)
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Traditional design methods
• invention
• Iteration
– (to solve a system with complicated
interactions)
• experimentation
• division of totality
• math & computer modeling
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Lesson 2: Home work
• Focus on materials selection for an
existing product
• Steps:
• 1.Examine each component of a product (an
incandescent bulb, stapler, can opener).
• 2. Break the product or decompose it, avoiding injury to
eyes or hands and damage to the other components.

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Chapter 2: Home work
• 3. Construct and complete a table consisting the
following items on its columns.
– a. list each component of the product
– b. define the function of each component
– c. identify the material used
– d. reason why it was selected
– e. select possible alternative.
• 4. List five failure mechanisms

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