Methods of Data

Collection, Sampling
Techniques and
Methods in Presenting
Data
Methods of Data
Collection
2.
1. Interview
Observation
3.
Questionnaire
 Observatio
n
• Observation seeks to ascertain what
people think and do by watching them in
action as they express themselves in
various situations and activities.
Observatio
n
• Uses 5 senses in observing
• Observation tool is also needed
 Interview
• The interview is, in
a
questionnaire
sense, an oral
• .Instead of writing
the
interviewee
response, theor
subject
gives the needed
information verbally
relationship.
in
a face-to-face
 Questionnair
e
• Questionnaire provides
most speedy and
the
technique
simple of gathering
data
about groups of
individuals
scattered in a wide and
extended field.
 Questionnair
e
In this
method, a questionnaire
form is sent usually by
post
to the persons concerned,
with a request to answer
the questions and return
the questionnaire.
Sample and Sampling
Technique
 Sampling
•techniques
Probability (Random)
Sampling
• Non-probability (Non-
Sampling
random)
 Probability (Random)
•Sampling
In probability (random) sampling,
you
start with a complete sampling
frame of
1.all Simple
eligible random
individuals from which you
select
sampling your sample. (unbiased)
2. Systematic sampling
3. Stratified sampling
4. Clustered sampling
 Simple random
sampling
• In this case each individual
ischosen entirely by chance
each
and member of the
population has an equal
chance, or probability, of
being selected. One way of
obtaining a random sample
is
to give each individual in a
population a number, and
then use a fish bowl and a
paper(Draw lots).
 Systematic
sampling are selected at
• Individuals
intervals from the sampling frame.
regular
intervals
The are chosen to ensure an
adequate
sample size. If you need a sample
size n from a population of size x, you
should select every x/nth individual for
the
sample. For example, if you wanted a
sample size of 8 from a population of
BSN
1-5 which is 40, select every 40/8 =
 Stratified
• In this method, the population is first
sampling
divided
•
into subgroups (or strata) who all share a
similar characteristic.
Clustered
sampling
• The population is divided into
subgroups,
known as clusters, which are
• randomly
In single-stage cluster sampling, all
selected
memberstoofbe included
the chosen in the study.
clusters are
then
included in the study.
• In two-stage cluster sampling, a
selection
of individuals from each cluster is then
randomly selected for inclusion.
Non-probability (Non-
random)
Sampling
• In non-probability (non-random)
sampling,
you do not start with a complete
sampling
1.frame, so some individuals have no
Convenience
chance
sampling
of being selected. (Bias)
3. Quota sampling
2. Judgement (or Purposive)
Sampling
4. Snowball sampling
Convenience
sampling
• Convenience sampling is perhaps
the
easiest method of sampling,
because
participants are selected based on
• availability and
Useful results willingness
can to take
be obtained,
part.
but
the results are prone to
significant
Quota
sampling
• Interviewers are given a quota
ofsubjects of a specified type to
to recruit.
attempt
• For example, an interviewer
be told to go out and select 20
might
men,
adult 20 adult women, 10
teenage
girls and 10 teenage boys so
that
they could interview them
about
Judgement (or Purposive)
Sampling
• Also known as selective,
subjective, sampling, this
or
technique
relies on the judgement of the
researcher when choosing who to
ask
to participate. This approach is
often
used by the media when
canvassing
Snowball
sampling
• This method is commonly used in
social
sciences when investigating hard-to-
reach groups. Existing subjects are
asked to nominate further subjects
known to them, so the sample
• increases
Snowball sampling can be effective
in
a
when size like
sampling a rolling
frame is snowball.
difficult to
identify.
Methods in Presenting Data
Methods in Presenting
Data
The main portion of Statistics is
display
the of summarized data. Data
initially
is collected from a given source,
whether they are experiments,
observation,
surveys, or and is presented in one of
methods
four
:• Textual Method
• Tabular Method
• Graphical
Method
 Textual
Method
• Text is the main method of conveying
information
as it is used to explain results and trends, and
provide contextual information. Data are
fundamentally presented in paragraphs or
interpretation
sentences. Textorcan
emphasize
be used certain data. If
to provide
quantitative information to be conveyed
consists of
one or two numbers, it is more appropriate to
use
written language than tables or graphs.
 Tabular Method
• Tables, which convey information that has
been
converted into words or numbers in rows
and
columns. Anyone with a sufficient level of
literacy can easily understand the
information
presented in a table. Tables are the most
appropriate for presenting individual
information, and can present both
 Graphical
Methodtables can be used for
• Whereas
presenting
all the information, graphs simplify
complex information by using images
and
emphasizing data patterns or trends,
and
are useful for summarizing, explaining,
 Bar graph and
•histogram
A bar graph is used to indicate and compare values
in a
discrete category or group, and the frequency or
other
measurement parameters
Pie chart
•A pie chart, which
is used to
represent
nominal data (in
other words, data
different in
classified
categories),
visually
represents
a distribution of
categories.
 Reference
•s
https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-
textbook/research-methods/1a-epidemiology/metho
ds-of-
sampling-population
•
collection/top-6-methods-of-data-collection-explained/6
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/social-research/dat
a-4498
•
lection
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Statistics/Methods_of_Data_C
ol
•
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54538
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