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Digestive System (1)

This document provides an overview of the digestive systems of different animal classifications, including nonruminants, ruminants, and avians. It details the organs involved in digestion, their functions, and the differences between monogastric and ruminant digestive processes. The document also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of pregastric fermentation in ruminants and outlines the unique adaptations of the avian digestive system.

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6 views

Digestive System (1)

This document provides an overview of the digestive systems of different animal classifications, including nonruminants, ruminants, and avians. It details the organs involved in digestion, their functions, and the differences between monogastric and ruminant digestive processes. The document also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of pregastric fermentation in ruminants and outlines the unique adaptations of the avian digestive system.

Uploaded by

kga2022-1651-84077
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM
Lourdita A. Llanto PhD
TOPICS
 Classification based on Digestive
systems
 Organs of the digestive system
OBJECTIVES
 At the end of the lesson you are
expected to be able to:
 1. classify animals based on their

gastrointestinal tract;
 2. differentiate monogastric,

ruminant and avian digestive


system; and
 3. describe the organs of

digestion and their functions


TYPES OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(GI) TRACT
 Nonruminants – or monogastric such as
pig, horse, rabbit, dog, cat, humans; single-
compartment stomach or simple stomach;
adapted to eat rations high in concentrates
 Ruminants – cattle, sheep, goat, deer;

have 4 compartments in the stomach; eat


feed rations that are high in roughages and
low in concentrates
 Avian - found in poultry; differs greatly

from the two


BASIC DIAGRAM OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
OF A HOG
Pig
________________________________________
_
Stomach
(2 gal)

Large Intestine
(16’, 2 gal)
Esophagus

Mouth
Small intestine
Cecum
(60’, 2.5 gal)
(10”, 0.5 gal)
NONRUMINANT DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
 Mouth – has 3 accessory organs
 1. Tongue – for grasping food
 2. Teeth – for mastication
 3. Salivary glands – produce saliva
containing
 Water – to moisten food

 Mucin – lubricate food for easy

swallowing
 Bicarbonate salts – as buffer or to

regulate pH
 Salivary amylase – start carbohydrate

digestion
NONRUMINANT DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
 Esophagus – muscular tube allowing passage
of food from mouth to stomach
 Stomach – has 3 major functions:

 Storage of ingested feed


 Mechanical breakdown
 Production of HCl, enzymes and mucus
- Has 3 major regions:
• Cardiac – produce mucus to protect
stomach lining
• Peptic gland – produce HCl, pepsin and
mucus
• Pyloric – produce mucus
NONRUMINANT DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
 Small intestine – has 3 divisions:
 Duodenum – active site of digestion; receives
secretions from pancreas, liver and intestinal walls
 Jejunum – middle section involved in nutrient
absorption
 Ileum – also involved in nutrient absorption
 Large intestine – has 3 sections:

 Cecum – 1st section; large in horse and rabbit;


contain bacteria producing enzymes digesting fiber
 Colon – reabsorbs water
 Rectum - last section
BASIC DIAGRAM OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF A
COW
Cow
________________________________________
_ intestine
Large Esophagus
(33’, 8 gal)
Cecum
(3’, 3 gal) Rumen (paunch)
(43 gal)

Mouth

Abomasum Reticulum
(glandular) (honeycomb)
(5 gal) (2.5 gal)
Small intestine
(150’, 16 gal) Omasum
(4 gal)
RUMINANT DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

 Mouth- aids in mastication,


swallowing, forming bolus
 No digestive enzymes in the saliva of
mature ruminants
 Provides N, P, S and Na for rumen
microoganisms
 Buffering compounds to maintain rumen
pH and mucin to prevent bloat
 No upper incisors, have dental pad, molars
allow only lateral movements
COMPOUND
STOMACH: THE
RUMEN
 Digestion and
fermentation vat
 40-50 gallons
 No secretions
 Contains anaerobic
microbes (25-50 billion
bacteria/mL fluid)
 Also protozoa, fungi
 Produce VFA, protein
 Papillae lining
 Increase surface area
 Absorption of VFA
 Passive diffusion
RETICULU
M

 Honeycomb lining
 No secretions
 Formation of food
bolus
 Regurgitation

initiated here
 Collects hardware

(nails, wire)
RETICULO
-RUMEN

Although
structurally they
appear as a
single
continuous
compartment,
functionally they
are distinctly
different
OMASUM
 Laminae/manyply
lining/bible/book
 Muscular folds
 No secretions
 Reduces particle size
 Absorbs K, Na and N
 Absorption of water
 ~60% removed
 Absorption of VFAs
 ~2/3 of VFAs entering
or 10% of total
produced
 Prevents buffering of
the abomasum
ABOMASU
M
 True gastric stomach - four gallons in a
cow
Three regions (cardiac, fundic, and
pyloric)
Digestive secretions
Proteolytic enzymes and HCl

 pH decreases from 6 to 2.5


Denatures proteins
Kills bacteria
and pathogens
Dissolves minerals
Gastric digestion
RUMINANT SMALL INTESTINE
 Similar in structure and function to
monogastric
 Limited ability to digest starches and

sugars
 Rate of pH increase is slower than
monogastrics
Better for peptic activity
May limit pancreatic protease and
amylolytic activity
SMALL INTESTINE
Digesta pH Functions

Duodenum 2.7 - 4 Enzymes


pH change
Flow rate regulation
Jejunum 4–7 Enzymes
Absorption
Ileum 7-8 Absorption
Limited
fermentation
RUMINANT LARGE INTESTINE
 Fermentative digestion
 Bacteria similar to rumen, but no protozoa
 Digestion in colon may account for as much as:
 27% of cellulose digestion

 40% of hemicellulose digestion

 10% of starch digestion

 Only important in conditions that increase the amount of


fermentative carbohydrate entering the large intestine
 Increased rate of passage of forages

 High grain diets

 May account for as much as 17% of total VFA absorption


 VFAs are efficiently absorbed, but primarily used as
energy source for large intestinal mucosa cells
RUMINANT LARGE INTESTINE
 Absorption of ammonia-N
 May account for as much as 30 to 40% of the net
transport of N into body fluid
 Absorbed N may be used for:
 Synthesis of nonessential amino acids

 Recycling of N to the rumen

 Important on low protein diets

 Regulated by:
 Increased by increasing N concentration of diet

 Decreased by increasing the amount of

carbohydrate fermented in the large intestine


 Mineral absorption
 Water absorption
 90% of water entering the LI is absorbed
ADVANTAGES OF PREGASTRIC
FERMENTATION
 Make better use of alternative nutrients
 Cellulose
 Nonprotein nitrogen
 Ability
to detoxify some poisonous
compounds
 Oxalates, cyanide, alkaloids
 Moreeffective use of fermentation end-
products
 Volatile
fatty acids, microbial protein, B
vitamins
 Allows wild animals to eat and run
DISADVANTAGES OF
PREGASTRIC FERMENTATION
 Fermentation is inefficient
 Energy
 Loss % of total caloric
value
Methane 5-8
Heat of fermentation 5-6
 Relative efficiency is dependent on the diet

NDF
 Protein
 Some ammonia resulting from microbial

degradation will be absorbed and excreted


 20% of the nitrogen in microbes is in the

form of nucleic acids


DISADVANTAGES OF
PREGASTRIC FERMENTATION
 Ruminants are susceptible to ketosis
 Ruminants are susceptible to toxins
produced by rumen microbes
 Nitrates to nitrites
 Urea to ammonia
 Nonstructural carbohydrates to lactic acid
 Tryptophan to 3-methyl indole
 Isoflavonoid estrogens to estrogen
coumestans
BASIC DIAGRAM OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF A
CHICKEN
Chicken Beak

Esophagus
Crop (2”)
Small Intestine (55”)
Proventriculus

Gizzard (2”)
Pancreas

Ceca (7”)
Large Intestine (4”)
Cloaca
Avian GIT
 Avian is modified monogastric
 Beaks replace lips and teeth

 Crop (enlarged area of esophagus) stores

and softens feed prior to entering stomach


 Proventriculus – glandular stomach

 Gizzard – muscular part of stomach

 Branched cecum –postgastric fermentation

 Cloaca – both fecal and urinary waste

 Uric acid rather than urea (insoluble)


AVIANS (POULTRY)
Mouth
 No teeth, rigid tongue
 Poorly developed salivary
glands
 Saliva contains amylase
 Beak is adapted for
prehension and mastication
AVIANS (POULTRY)
Esophagus
Enlarged area called crop
Ingesta holding and moistening

Location for breakdown of

carbohydrate by amylase
Fermentation

Proventriculus (stomach)
Release of HCl and pepsin (gastric

juices)
Ingesta passes through very quickly

(14 seconds)
AVIANS (POULTRY)
Gizzard (ventriculus)
Muscular area with a hardened lining
reduces particle size
Muscular contractions every 20-30

seconds
Includes action of grit

HCl and pepsin secreted in

proventriculus
Small intestine
Similar to other monogastrics
No Lacteals
AVIANS (POULTRY)
Ceca and large intestine
Contain two ceca instead of one as in
other monogastrics
Large intestine is very short (2-4 in)
and empties into cloaca where fecal
material will be voided via the vent
Water resorption

Fiber fermentation by bacteria

H O soluble vitamin synthesis by


2
bacteria
THANK YOU…

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