Introduction to Machine Vision

• Machine Vision enables machines to "see" and interpret visual

information like humans.Subfield of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and
Computer Vision.Utilizes cameras, sensors, and software
algorithms to process and analyze visual inputs.
Key Components of Machine Vision

I. Image Acquisition: Captures images/videos using standard or

specialized cameras (e.g., infrared, 3D).
II. Image Processing: Extracts features, detects patterns, and
identifies objects using techniques like edge detection and
segmentation.
III. Object Recognition & Classification: Uses machine learning
and deep learning models to classify and recognize objects.
IV. Analysis and Decision:Making: Analyzes data to make
decisions, like detecting defects or guiding robots.
V. Output & Control: Sends results to control systems for actions
such as sorting or rejecting faulty items.
Applications of Machine Vision

I. Manufacturing & Quality Control: Detects product defects and ensures

precise measurements. Example: Identifying scratches or missing
components on circuit boards.
II. Robotics: Guides robots in tasks like object picking, navigation, or assembly.
III. Medical Imaging: Analyzes X:rays, CT scans, and MRIs for disease
detection.
IV. Autonomous Vehicles: Detects traffic signs, pedestrians, and obstacles for
self:driving cars.
V. Agriculture: Monitors crop health, sorts produce, and automates harvesting.
VI. Security & Surveillance: Enables object and face recognition in video
surveillance.
VII. Retail & Logistics: Assists with barcode scanning, product sorting, and
inventory management.
Technologies Behind Machine Vision

I. Cameras and Imaging Hardware: Standard 2D cameras, 3D

cameras, multispectral cameras, and LiDAR sensors.
II. Computer Vision Algorithms: Techniques like image filtering,
feature extraction, and object detection (e.g., using OpenCV)
III. Machine Learning and AI: Deep learning models, particularly
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), are used for object
detection and recognition.
IV. Edge Computing: Processing data locally on devices to reduce
latency.
V. Vision Systems Integration: Combining vision with robotic
systems, motion control, and industrial automation.
Difference Between Computer Vision and Machine
Vision

 Computer Vision : Focuses on extracting and understanding

information from images or videos, often as part of research or
consumer applications.
 Machine Vision : Applies computer vision techniques in industrial
or automated environments to solve practical problems, like quality
control
Image Processing

• It is the technique of performing operations on images to

enhance, analyze, or extract information from them. It is a
key component in fields such as computer vision,
machine vision, and digital signal processing .
Types of Image Processing

I. Analog Image Processing : Deals with processing physical

images (e.g., photographs or films) using optical techniques.
II. Digital Image Processing : Involves manipulating digital images
using computers and algorithms. This is the most common form
today.
Stages of Digital Image Processing

I. Image Acquisition : Capturing an image using sensors (cameras, scanners,

etc.) and converting it into a digital format.
II. Preprocessing : Improving image quality or removing noise using techniques
like: : Noise Reduction (e.g., Gaussian filtering) : Contrast Adjustment :
Normalization
III. Feature Extraction : Extracting useful information like edges, corners, or
textures for analysis.
IV. Image Analysis : Identifying objects, patterns, or relationships using image
data. : Examples: object detection, face recognition, and medical diagnostics.
V. Image Compression : Reducing the size of the image file without significant
loss of quality. : Lossless (PNG, TIFF) and Lossy (JPEG) compression.
VI. Image Restoration : Correcting image distortions caused by noise, blur, or mot
 Applications of Image Processing

I. Medical Imaging : MRI, CT scan analysis, cancer detection, and image

enhancement.
II. Robotics and Automation : Guiding robots using visual feedback.
III. Remote Sensing : Analyzing satellite images for weather, agriculture, and
urban planning.
IV. Surveillance and Security : Facial recognition, license plate recognition, and
video analysis.
V. Automotive Industry : Lane detection and obstacle recognition for
autonomous vehicles.
VI. Entertainment : Special effects, photo editing, and video enhancement.
VII. Document Processing : Optical Character Recognition (OCR) for converting
text in scanned images to digital text
Tools and Libraries for Image Processing

I. OpenCV: A powerful opensource library for image and video

processing.
II. MATLAB: A widely used tool for mathematical and image
processing applications
III. ImageJ: Opensource software for scientific image analysis.
IV. Adobe Photoshop: Commercial tool for image editing and
enhancement. Texture analysis is a crucial aspect of image
processing and computer vision.
What is Texture?

Texture refers to the visual pattern or structure present on the

surface of an object in an image.
Examples include:
• Smooth surfaces (e.g., sky, water).
• Rough surfaces (e.g., sand, tree bark).
• Repetitive patterns (e.g., bricks, tiles).
Types of Texture

I. Statistical Texture: o Describes texture using statistical

properties of pixel intensities. o Example: Mean, variance, and
co-occurrence matrices.
II. Structural Texture: o Texture defined by the arrangement of
basic elements like dots or lines. o Example: Checkerboard or
tiled patterns.
III. Spectral Texture: o Analyzes texture using frequency
components (e.g., Fourier transform).
IV. Model-Based Texture: o Uses models (e.g., fractals or Markov
random fields) to describe texture.
Texture Analysis Techniques

I. Statistical Methods: o Measures gray-level intensity variations in an image. o

Example: Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). Laws' Texture Energy
Measures. First-order statistics (mean, variance, skewness).
II. Transform-Based Methods: o Analyze texture in the frequency domain. o
Techniques include: Fourier Transform. Wavelet Transform: Multi-resolution
analysis of texture.
III. Model-Based Methods: o Use mathematical models to represent texture: ▪
Fractals: Describes self-similarity in patterns. ▪ Markov Random Fields (MRF):
Models spatial dependencies between pixels.
IV. Filter-Based Methods: o Filters like Gabor filters, which are direction- and
frequency-sensitive, are applied to detect texture.
V. Local Binary Patterns (LBP): o A popular descriptor that captures local texture
information by comparing pixel intensities with their neighbors.
Key Texture Features

• Energy: Measure of texture smoothness.

• Entropy: Degree of randomness or disorder in a texture.
• Contrast: Variation in pixel intensity values.
• Homogeneity: Uniformity of the texture.
• Correlation: Measures how pixel pairs are related spatially
Applications of Texture Analysis

I. Medical Imaging: o Detecting tumors or diseases using texture

patterns in MRI or CT images.
II. Remote Sensing: o Analyzing satellite images for land cover
classification.
III. Material Inspection: o Surface defect detection in manufacturing.
IV. Face Recognition: o Using Local Binary Patterns (LBP) for feature
extraction.
V. Agriculture: o Monitoring crop health and identifying soil texture.
6. Biometrics: o Palm print and fingerprint recognition using
texture patterns