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u2-qam

The document discusses various digital carrier modulation techniques, including memoryless and memory-based methods such as ASK, PSK, QAM, and FSK. It explains the concept of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and its relationship to PAM and PSK, highlighting how both amplitude and phase can carry information in QAM. Additionally, it covers receiver design for AWGN channels and the probability of error in these modulation schemes.

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2 views11 pages

u2-qam

The document discusses various digital carrier modulation techniques, including memoryless and memory-based methods such as ASK, PSK, QAM, and FSK. It explains the concept of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and its relationship to PAM and PSK, highlighting how both amplitude and phase can carry information in QAM. Additionally, it covers receiver design for AWGN channels and the probability of error in these modulation schemes.

Uploaded by

myamritatempmail
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 2

 Digital Carrier Modulation: Memoryless carrier


modulation –ASK – PSK – QAM – FSK
Carrier modulation with memory – CPFSK – MSK
– GMSK – OQPSK -π/4-QPSK; Differential encoding
– DPSK, - DQPSK
Power spectra of digitally modulated signals
Optimum Receiver Design for AWGN Channels
Correlation-type and matched-filter-type
demodulators
MAP and ML detectors
Optimum coherent receivers for AWGN channels
Probability of error– union bound.

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MEMORYLESS MODULATION METHODS

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

2
The bandwidth efficiency of PAM/SSB can also be obtained by
simultaneously impressing two separate k-bit symbols from the
information sequence on two quadrature carriers cos 2π fct and
sin 2π fct.

The resulting modulation technique is called quadrature PAM or


QAM, and the corresponding signal waveforms may be
expressed as

3
where Ami and Amq are the information-bearing signal
amplitudes of the quadrature carriers and g(t) is the signal
pulse.

Alternatively, the QAM signal waveforms may be


expressed as

where

4
From this expression, it is apparent that the QAM signal
waveforms may be viewed as combined amplitude (rm)
and phase (θm) modulation.

In fact, we may select any combination of M1-level PAM and


M2-phase PSK to construct an M = M1M2 combined PAM-PSK
signal constellation.

If M1 = 2n and M2 = 2m, the combined PAM-PSK signal


constellation results in the simultaneous transmission of m +n =
log2 M1M2 binary digits occurring at a symbol rate R/(m + n).

5
It can be seen that, similar to the PSK case, φ1(t) and φ2(t) can
be used as an orthonormal basis for expansion
of QAM signals.

The dimensionality of the signal space for QAM is N = 2.

Using this basis, we have

6
which results in vector representations of the form

and

7
Examples of signal space diagrams for combined PAM-PSK
are shown in Figure below for M = 8 and M = 16.

Fig: Examples of combined PAM-PSK constellations

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The Euclidean distance between any pair of signal vectors
in QAM is

9
Summarising ASK, PSK and QAM

It is clear that all these signaling schemes are of the


general form

where Am is determined by the signaling scheme.

For PAM, Am is real, generally equal to ±1,±3, . . . , ±(M − 1), for


M-ary PSK, Am is complex and equal to e j2π(m−1)/M; and finally for
QAM, Am is a general complex number Am = Ami + Amq

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In this sense it is seen that these three signaling schemes
belong to the same family, and PAM and PSK can be
considered as special cases of QAM.

In QAM signaling, both amplitude and phase carry information,


whereas in PAM and PSK only amplitude
or phase carries the information.

Also note that in these schemes the dimensionality


of the signal space is rather low (one for PAM and two for PSK
and QAM) and is independent of the constellation size M.

### Refer Table 3.2–1 that summarizes some basic


properties of the modulation schemes discussed above.

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