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Overlay Analsis Additional Handout

The document discusses various spatial analysis methods including transformations like buffering, point-in-polygon, and polygon overlay, as well as spatial interpolation techniques such as inverse-distance weighting and kriging. It also covers the basic approaches to combining maps, both raster and vector, and highlights methods for spatial optimization and autocorrelation. Additionally, it provides insights into different interpolation methods, their applications, and comparisons between them.

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Faiqa Shahid
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17 views

Overlay Analsis Additional Handout

The document discusses various spatial analysis methods including transformations like buffering, point-in-polygon, and polygon overlay, as well as spatial interpolation techniques such as inverse-distance weighting and kriging. It also covers the basic approaches to combining maps, both raster and vector, and highlights methods for spatial optimization and autocorrelation. Additionally, it provides insights into different interpolation methods, their applications, and comparisons between them.

Uploaded by

Faiqa Shahid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Spatial Analysis

Longley et al., Ch 14,15


Transformations
• Buffering (Point, Line, Area)
• Point-in-polygon
• Polygon Overlay
• Spatial Interpolation
– Theissen polygons
– Inverse-distance weighting
– Kriging
– Density estimation
Basic Approach

Map New map

Transformation
Point-in-polygon

Select point known to be outside


Select point to be tested
Create line segment
Intersect with all boundary
segments
Count intersections
EVEN=OUTSIDE
ODD=INSIDE
Create a buffer: Raster
Create a Buffer: vector
Combining maps
• RASTER
• As long as maps have same extent,
resolution, etc, overlay is direct (pixel-to-
pixel)
• Otherwise, needs interpolation
• Use map algebra (Tomlin)
• Tomlin’s operators
– Focal, Local, Zonal
Combining Maps
• VECTOR
• A problem
Max Egenhofer
Topological Overlay Relations
Creating new zones

Town buffer

River buffer
Other spatial analysis methods
• Centrographic analysis (mean center)
• Dispersion measures (stand. Dist)
• Point clustering measures (NNS)
• Moran’s I: Spatial autocorrelation (Clustering of
neighboring values)
• Fragmentation and fractional dimension
• Spatial optimization
– Point
– Route
• Spatial interpolation
Moran’s I

http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc02/pap1064/p106413.gif
Spatial autocorrelation
• Correlation of a field with itself

Low

High

Maximum
Spatial optimization

www.giscenter.net/eng/work_03_e.html
Spatial interpolation
Linear interpolation

C
B

Half way from A to B,


Value is (A + B) / 2

A
Nonlinear Interpolation

• When things aren't or shouldn’t be so simple


• Values computed by piecewise “moving
window”
• Basic types:
1. Trend surface analysis / Polynomial
2. Minimum Curvature Spline
3. Inverse Distance Weighted
4. Kriging
1. Trend
Surface/Polynomial
• point-based
• Fits a polynomial to input points
• When calculating function that will
describe surface, uses least-square
regression fit
• approximate interpolator
– Resulting surface doesn’t pass through all
data points
– global trend in data, varying slowly overlain
by local but rapid fluctuations
1. Trend Surface cont.
• flat but TILTED plane to fit data
– surface is approximated by linear
equation (polynomial degree 1)
– z = a + bx + cy
• tilted but WARPED plane to fit data
– surface is approximated by quadratic
equation (polynomial degree 2)
– z = a + bx + cy + dx2 + exy + fy2
Trend Surfaces
2. Minimum Curvature Splines
• Fits a minimum-curvature surface through input
points
• Like bending a sheet of rubber to pass through
points
– While minimizing curvature of that sheet
• repeatedly applies a smoothing equation
(piecewise polynomial) to the surface
– Resulting surface passes through all points
• best for gently varying surfaces, not for rugged
ones (can overshoot data values)
3. Distance Weighted Methods
3. Inverse Distance
Weighted
• Each input point has local influence that
diminishes with distance
• estimates are averages of values at n known
points within window R

where w is some function of distance (e.g., w = 1/d k)


IDW
• IDW is popular, easy, but problematic
• Interpolated values limited by the range of the
data
• No interpolated value will be outside the
observed range of z values
• How many points should be included in the
averaging?
• What about irregularly distributed points?
• What about the map edges?
IDW Example

• ozone concentrations at CA measurement


stations
1. estimate a complete field, make a map
2. estimate ozone concentrations at specific
locations (e.g., Los Angeles)
Ozone in S. Cal: Text Example

measuring stations and concentrations


(point shapefile)
CA cities (point shapefile)
CA outline (polygon shapefile)
DEM (raster)
IDW Wizard in Geostatistical Analyst
define data source
Further define interpolation method

Power of distance

4 sectors
Cross validation
• removing one of the n observation points and using the remaining n-1
points to predict its value.
• Error = observed - predicted
Result
4. Kriging
• Assumes distance or direction betw. sample points shows
a spatial correlation that help describe the surface
• Fits function to
– Specified number of points OR
– All points within a window of specified radius
• Based on an analysis of the data, then an application of
the results of this analysis to interpolation
• Most appropriate when you already know about spatially
correlated distance or directional bias in data
• Involves several steps
– Exploratory statistical analysis of data
– Variogram modeling
– Creating the surface based on variogram
Kriging
• Breaks up topography into 3 elements: Drift (general
trend), small deviations from the drift and random
noise.

To be stepped over
Explore with Trend analysis
• You may wish to remove
a trend from the dataset
before using kriging. The
Trend Analysis tool can
help identify global
trends in the input
dataset.
Kriging Results
• Once the variogram has been developed,
it is used to estimate distance weights for
interpolation
• Computationally very intensive w/ lots of
data points
• Estimation of the variogram complex
– No one method is absolute best
– Results never absolute, assumptions about
distance, directional bias
Kriging Example

Surface has no constant mean


Maybe no underlying trend

surface has a constant mean,


no underlying trend

allows for a trend


binary data
Analysis of Variogram
Fitting a Model, Directional
Effects
How Many Neighbors?
Cross Validation
Kriging Result
• similar pattern to IDW
• less detail in remote
areas
• smooth
IDW vs. Kriging
• Kriging appears to
give a more
“smooth” look to the
data
• Kriging avoids the
“bulls eye” effect
• Kriging gives us a
standard error

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