O R A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N I N

CONTEXT

MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION
 INSPIRING WORDS

Learning is the only thing the

mind never exha usts, never fears,
and never regrets.
LEONARDO DA VINCI
MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION

1. LINEAR COMMUNICATION
MODEL

2. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

3. INTERACTIVE MODEL
 Linear
Communication
Model
CHANNEL
MESSAGE

SENDER RECEIVER
 Linear
Communication
• ONE WAY COMMUNICATION
Model
• Used for Mass Communication
• Senders send message and receivers only
receive
• NO FEEDBACK
• CONCEPT OF NOISE
 Linear Communication Model

PROS
*Good at audience persuasion
and propaganda setting
*Intentional results
 Linear Communication Model

CONS
*Communication is not continuous
as no concept of FEEDBACK
*No way to know if
communication was effective
COMPONENTS OF LINEAR
COMMUNICATION
SENDER ENCODING
DECODING

MESSAGE CHANNEL

RECEIVER NOISE
LASSWELL'S
COMMUNICATION
MODEL

Lasswell's communication model was

developed by communication theorist
HAROLD D. LASSWELL ( 1902-1978 ) in
1948. Lasswell's model communication ( also
known as ACTION MODEL OR LINEAR
MODEL OR ONE WAY MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION) is regarded as one of the
most influential communication models
 WHO LASSWELL'S
(SENDER)
COMMUNICATIO
SAY WHAT
N MODEL
(MESSAGE)
CHANNEL

(MEDIUM
) TO WHOM

(RECEIVER)
WHAT EFFECT

(FEEDBACK
)
 THE FIRST AND EARLIEST LINEAR MODEL IS THAT OF
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL ARISTOTLE, WHO WAS A TEACHER OF RHETORIC AND
EVEN PUT AN ACADEMY TO PRODUCE GOOD SPEAKERS.

(M e s s a g e (L i s t e n e r
SPEAKER )
SPEECH AUDIENCE) EFFECT

(Occasion)

ARISTOTLE'S MODEL
 5 PRIMARY ELEMENTS : SPEAKER, SPEECH, OCCASION,
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL
AUDIENCE AND EFFECT.

• SPEAKER CENTERED MODEL

• HIGHLY USED TO DEVELOP PUBLIC SPEAKING SKILSS
AND CREATE A PROPAGANDA AT THE TIME SO, IT IS
LESS FOCUSED ON INTRAPERSONAL OR
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION.
• SPEAKER MUST HAVE A VERY GOOD NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION WITH THE AUDIENCE LIKE EYE
CONTACT.
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL
 ELEMENTS OF GOOD COMMUNICATOR
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL

• ETHOS
*CREDIBILITY OF THE SPEAKER
*CHARACTERISTIC WHICH MAKES YOU
CREDIBLE IN FRONT OF THE AUDIENCE.

ARISTOTLE'S MODEL
 ELEMENTS OF GOOD COMMUNICATOR
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL

2. PATHOS
*EMOTIONAL BOND
*WHAT YOU SAY MATTERS TO THEM AND THEY
CAN CONNECT WITH IT, THEN THEY WILL BE
MORE INTERESTED

ARISTOTLE'S MODEL
 ELEMENTS OF GOOD COMMUNICATOR
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL

3. LOGOS
*SENSE OF REASON
*YOU MUST PRESENT FACTS TO THE AUDIENCE
FOR THEM TO BELIEVE IN YOU

ARISTOTLE'S MODEL
BERLO'S SMCR MODEL In 1960, DAVID BERLO postulated Berlo's SMCR Model of
Communication from SHANNON WEAVER'S MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION. (1949). He described factors affecting the
individual components in the communication making the
communication more efficient. This model also focuses on
encoding and decoding which happens before sender sends the
message and before receiver receives the message respectively.

BERLO'S COMMUNICATION MODEL

 De c o d e s
E n c o d e s
SOURC MESSAGE CHANNEL RECEIVER
E
Communication CONTENT Communication
HEARIN
Skill Skill
ELEMENT
G

ATTITUD TREATMEN SEEIN ATTITUD

E T G E

STRUCTUR TOUCHING KNOWLEDG

KNOWLEDG E
E E
CODE
SOCIAL SMELLIN SOCIAL
SYSTEM G SYSTEM
S-M-C-R MODEL
CULTUR TASTIN CULTUR
E G E
 *THERE IS NO CONCEPT OF FEEDBACK SO THE EFFECT
IS NOT CONSIDERED.

*THERE IS NO CONCEPT OF NOISE OR ANY KIND OF

BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

*IT IS A LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION, THERE IS

NO TWO WAY COMMUNICATION

*BOTH OF THE PEOLPLE MUST BE SIMILAR ACCORDING

TO ALL THE FACTORS MENTIONED ABOVE
 TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
OF COMMUNICATION

CHANNEL
MESSAGE/FEEDBACK

SENDER/ RECEIVER
RECEIVER /SENDER
 • USED FOR INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
• SENDERS AND RECEIVERS
KEY INTERCHANGE ROLES

FEATURES • SIMULTANEOUS FEEDBACK

• CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENT
AND NOISE
• FEEDBACK IS TAKEN AS A
NEW MESSAGE
TRANS ACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
 PROS
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
• Simultaneous and COMMUNICATION
instant feedback

• No discrimination
between sender and
receiver
 CONS
• ENCOURAGE NON- TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
VERBAL COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION

• MORE NOISE DUE TO

COMMUNICATIONS
TALKING AT THE SAME
TIME
TRANSACTIONAL
it is the exchange of
MODEL OF
messages between
COMMUNICATION
sender and receiver
where each take turn to
send or receive message.

Both ''SENDER'' and

''RECEIVER'' are known as
"COMMUNICATORS''.
SHANNON AND WEAVER'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
( INFORMATION THEORY)

The next model is that of CLAUDE SHANNON and

WARREN WEAVER(1948) which gave us the concept
of "NOISE". This often called TELEPHONE MODEL
because it is based on the experience of having the
message interfered with by "noise" from the telephone.
 CONCEPTS IN SHANNON-WEAVER'S MODEL

SENDER (Information source) -Sender is the person who

makes the message, chooses the channel and sends the
message.

ENCODER (Transmitter) - Encoder is the sender who

uses machines, which converts message into signal.

CHANNEL- Channel is them medium used to send

message
 CONCEPTS IN SHANNON-WEAVER'S MODEL

DECODER ( RECEIVER) - is the machine used to convert signals into

mesge or the receiver who translate the message from signal.

RECEIVER (Destination) - is the person who gets the message or the

place where the message must reach. The receuver provides feedback
according to the message.

NOISE- it is the physical disturbances like environment, people, etc,

which does not let the message get to the receiver as what is sent.
 M R M
E S E S E
S I C I S
INFORMATION S TRANSMITTER G E G RECEIVER S DESTINATION
SOURCE A N I N A
G A V A G
E L E L E
S D S

NOISE SOURCE

FEEDBACK
 INTERACTIVE MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
• also known as convergence model
• deals with the exhange of ideas and messages
taking place both ways from sender to receiver and
vice-versa
• The communication process take place between
human or machines in both veal or non verbal.
• This is relatively new model of communication for
new technologies like web.
 CHANNEL
MESSAGE

SENDER
RECEIVER

CHANNEL
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
SENDER
 PROS
• FEEDBACK EVEN IN INTERACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
MASS
COMMUNICATION

• NEW COMMUNICATION
CHANNELS
 CONS
• FEEDBACK CAN TAKE A INTERACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
VERY LONG TIME

• SENDER AND
RECEIVER MIGHT NOT
KNOW WHO THE
OTHER PERSON IS
 SCHRAMM
Wilbur Schramm who was considered the MODEL
FATHER OF MASS COMMUNICATION. He INTERACTIONAL
came up with the five models, but the MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
Schramm Model in 1995 we are concerned
with the concept that explains why
communication breakdown occurs. Schramm
asserts that communication can take place if
and only if there is an overlap between the
Field of Experience of the Speaker and the
field of the Listener.
 Field of Field of
Experience Experience
Source Encoder Si gn a l Decoder Destinatio
n

SCHRAMM'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

 SCHRAMM'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

FIELD OF EXPERIENCE
• Incorporates what is mutally understood
between the sender and receiver.

• are the things that influences the

understanding and interpretation of message
like culture, social background, belief,
experiences, values and rules.
 WHITE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

The fourth model is that of Eugene White(1960), who stated that

communication is Circular and continuous, without a beginning or
end . This is why he made a cyclical model. He also pointed out
that although we can assume that communication begins with
thinking, communication can actually be observed from any point
in the circle.
 WHITE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

EXPRESSIN
SYMBOLIZING G TRANSMITTIN
G

THINKING RECEIVING

MONITORING DECODING

FEEDBACK
Eugene White contributed the concept of feedback to the
field of communication. Feedback is the speaker’s
perception about the listener’s response. The speaker can
only receive feedback if the speaker is monitoring the
listener. The speaker will know what the listener’s response
is only if he or she is paying attention.
TO BE CONTINUED...
Thank You
FOR
LISTENI
NG