II. Instruction: True or False.

Write T if the statement is

correct and F if it is wrong.
1. Exchange occurs through diffusion via thinner vessels
called neurons across the interstitial fluid.
2. Humans and other mammals use positive pressure
breathing by sucking in air into the lungs through the
creation of a positive pressure.
3. Chemical energy comes carbohydrates. from the
breakdown of ATP which comes from sources such as
sugars from carbohydrates.
4. In open circulatory system, as the blood goes directly
to the tissues, it mixes with the interstitial fluid which
surrounds tissue and cells and is called a hemolymph.
5. The heart is independent from the brain, the brain only
affects the rate of heart contraction but not starts the
contraction of the heart.
 Lesson 2-Homeostasis, Waste
Removal, & Immune System
What's In
the previous lesson, the importance of nutrition, circulation, and
gas exchange was discussed. All these three are managed by different
organ systems that work hand in hand to achieve proper functioning of
the body of animals. In this lesson, you will learn about the concept of
homeostasis, waste removal, and immune system.
Learning Activity: Spelling: Correct Me If I'm Wrong! Instruction: For each
number below inspect if the letter inside each box gives a correct spelling or not of the
term being referred to by the given statement/ description/ idea. If not, write the
correctly spelled word in the space provided to get the exact idea.
1. It is a foreign substance, living or non-living, which elicits an immune response from
an organism.

N P A G H O T E

2. It is the most toxic is the most soluble to water and the least energy expensive
among the nitrogenous wastes.

O M A M N A I

3.It involves balancing of the internal concentration of an organism compared to

external environment.

E H O M A S I T S O S
What is It
Different organisms balance substances in relation to
their internal and external environment through the process
of homeostasis. Homeostasis involve balancing of the internal
concentration of an organism compared to external
environment. Also, heat is also balanced in relation to the
environment of an organism. The integumentary system and
the excretory system play a major role in homeostasis. The
circulatory and respiratory system also helps in homeostasis.
HOMEOSTASIS
Conformers vs Regulators

 • Animals which copy the environmental factors are said to be

conformers, there are osmoconformers (concentration conformers)
and thermoconformers (temperature conformers).

 • Animals which maintain their body's internal factors compared

to the environment are said to be regulators, there are
osmoregulators (concentration regulators) and thermoregulators
(temperature regulators).

 • Marine invertebrates are example of osmoconformers, while

marine vertebrates are example of osmoregulators.
 •Ectotherms or "cold-blooded" animals are thermoconformers, they
rely on their external environment for their body's internal
temperature. The term cold-blooded is a misnomer, as ectotherms
sometimes have higher body temperature compared to "warm-
blooded" organisms as they copy their environment's temperature.

 •Endotherms or thermoregulators maintain their body's internal

temperature through metabolism, as a result they have higher
metabolism than thermoconformers. There are different ways in which
organisms have adapted to their environment in terms of homeostasis,
such as behavioral, physiological, migration and structural adaptations.
Perspiration, is a mechanism which shows
homeostatic reaction wherein temperature
and/or concentration is controlled. Water is a
good cooling agent as it is able to absorb high
heat and also dilutes solutes.
WASTE REMOVAL
In order to remove wastes, animals have the excretory system,
which enables it to remove excess salt or water in the body. If there is
excess water, waste material is diluted but if there is low water, waste
might be concentrated or none at all. Organisms have different wastes
in the form of nitrogenous wastes which they need to excrete. The
type of nitrogenous wastes vary in toxicity, energy required for
excretion and solubility. Ammonia, which is the most toxic is the most
soluble to water and the least energy expensive among the
nitrogenous wastes. This type of waste is characteristic of animals
which live in aquatic environment as they are able to easily dilute it,
thus its toxicity is neutralized. Meanwhile, uric acid is the least soluble
and most expensive but is able to recycle the most water.
 It is characteristics of animals living in an environment low in
water. Urea's toxicity, energy requirement and solubility is in between
the two nitrogenous wastes. Humans and other mammals use it,
meanwhile, sharks retain a lot of urea to allow it to be more or less
buoyant compared to the water. It protects itself from accumulation of
toxicity by having a chemical that protects its cells called,
trimethylamine oxide or TMAO which protects the proteins of the cells.
Waste removal follows the following processes,
1.) filtration,
2.) reabsorption,
3.) secretion, and
4.) excretion
Different organisms have different excretory system, such as the
protonephridia of flatworms, metanephridia of annelids, Malpighian
tubules of insects and the nephrons of humans and mammals.
IMMUNE SYSTEM

Pathogen is a foreign substance, living or non-living,

which elicits an immune response from an organism. It can be
a pollen which can cause allergic reaction, a helminth (worm)
which is a parasite, a bacteria or virus which can cause
different diseases or illnesses. Some illnesses that we
experience are immune response from Innate and Adaptive
Immunity these pathogens, such as fever which is a defense
mechanism of our body against some pathogens, mucus
production for trapping pathogens and other such responses.
Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Innate immunity is the inherent ability of an organism to

fight pathogens which bring about certain diseases.
Evolutionary adaptation has allowed organisms to fine tune
their innate immunity against possible pathogens, that is why
we are able to activate an immune response even if we have
not acquired a certain disease before. In adaptive immunity,
organisms are able to launch specific immune response which
can change and adapt to the disease-causing pathogen. This
adaptive immunity is important, as it can modify its immune
response in defense against the changes which can occur in
the pathogen.
 Innate immunity attacks wider ranger of pathogen,
thus, is not very specific but response is rapid. Meanwhile,
adaptive immunity is specific but has a slower response
rate. Barrier defenses are made up of the skin, mucus
membranes and various secretions. Skin, which is covered
by a tightly packed cells called epithelial cells physically
prevent the entrance of pathogens. Damage, such as in
wounds, allows pathogens to enter an organism via the
skin.
 Mostly, internal defense is characterized phagocytic cells which
eats pathogens regardless of what they are, which in some cases
increases the rate of infection. The inflammatory response, activates
different internal defenses in case of infection. In an inflammatory
response, phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, and other substances
are activated to contain an infection. Histamines are substances which
initiate an inflammatory response, which results in the swelling of an
area and increase in temperature of a localized area or in cases of a
fever the increase temperature of the whole body to neutralize a
pathogen. Heat destroys the protein of a pathogen, which is usually the
reason of an infection. Not only heating of the pathogen, but leakage of
cells and antimicrobial proteins, especially phagocytic cells and
antibodies, aids in the destruction of the cause of inflammation.
The Specific Immune Response

The specific immune response is characterized by

specific cells which react to specific protein receptors from
pathogens. Activation of proteins (humoral response) or
activation of cells with lysing capability (cell- mediated
response) are characteristic of the specific immune response.
Active and Passive Immunity

Specific immune response can be a result of active

immunity which is a result to exposure to a specific pathogen.
It can either be natural or artificial, in the case of vaccine,
wherein pathogens are weakened and exposed to an
individual. Meanwhile, passive immunity is a specific immune
response transferred by the mother to a child, which can
develop as the child matures.
What's More
Introduction: Choose from the box the terms being described by the
following statements.

Innate Immunity Ectotherms Uric Acid

Cell-mediated response Barrier defenses Activeimmunity
Humoral response Passive immunity Osmoconformers
1. They are also called concentration conformers
2. Thermoconformers that are "cold-blooded".
3. It is a specific immune response transferred by the mother to a child,
which can develop as the child matures.
4. It is a specific immune response which refers to the activation of cells
with lysing capability.
5. It is the waste that is least soluble in water and most expensive in
energy.
6. It attacks wider ranger of pathogen, thus, is not very specific but
response is rapid.
7. It is a specific immune response which refers to the activation of
proteins.