POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 7
Fast Decoupled Power Flow
Decoupled Power Flow Formulation

General form of the power flow problem

 P ( v ) P (v) 
  (v )  (v) 
 θ V  θ  P ( x ) (v)
    f ( x )
 Q ( v ) Q ( v )    V   Q(x ( v ) ) 
( v )
 
 θ  V 
where
 P2 (x( v ) )  PD 2  PG 2 
(v)  
P (x )   
 P (x(v ) )  P  P 
 n Dn Gn 
 Decoupling Approximation
P ( v ) Q ( v )
Usually the off-diagonal matrices, and
V θ
are small. Therefore we approximate them as zero:
 P ( v ) 
 0  (v ) 
θ  θ   P ( x (v) 
)
  ( v )
     f ( x (v )
)
 Q    V  ( v )

 Q ( x (v)
) 
 0 
  V 
Then the problem can be decoupled
 P (v)   1  Q (v)   1
(v ) (v) (v)
θ    P (x ) V    Q(x( v ) )
 θ   V 
Off-diagonal Jacobian Terms

Justification for Jacobian approximations:

1. Usually r x, therefore Gij  Bij
2. Usually  ij is small so sin  ij 0
Therefore
Pi
 Vi Gij cos ij  Bij sin  ij   0
 Vj
Qi
  Vi V j Gij cos ij  Bij sin  ij   0
θ j
Fast Decoupled Power Flow

 By continuing with our Jacobian approximations we

can actually obtain a reasonable approximation that
is independent of the voltage magnitudes/angles.
 This means the Jacobian need only be built/inverted
once.
 This approach is known as the fast decoupled power
flow (FDPF)
 FDPF uses the same mismatch equations as
standard power flow so it should have same solution
 The FDPF is widely used, particularly when we
only need an approximate solution
FDPF Approximations
The FDPF makes the following approximations:
1. G ij 0
2. Vi  1
3. sin  ij 0 cos  ij 1
Then
(v ) P ( x( v ) )
-11 (v) 1 Q ( x
 -1
(v)
)
θ =[B’]
B (v)
 V =[B’’]
B
V V (v)
B is just the imaginary part of the Ybus G  jB,
Where B’
except the slack bus row/column are omitted
B’’ is also Im[Ybus] except the slack and PV buses’
rows/columns are omitted
ΔP/V is a vector of n-1 elements, where element i is ΔPi/|Vi|,
ΔPi is the “original” real power mismatch (nonlinear, identical to
ΔPi used in NR)
FDPF Approximations
The FDPF makes the following approximations:
1. G ij 0
2. Vi  1
3. sin  ij 0 cos  ij 1
Then
(v ) P ( x( v ) )
-11 (v) 1 Q ( x
 -1
(v)
)
θ =[B’]
B (v)
 V =[B’’]
B
V V (v)
B is just the imaginary part of the Ybus G  jB,
Where B’
except the slack bus row/column are omitted
B’’ is also Im[Ybus] except the slack and PV buses’
rows/columns are omitted
ΔQ/V is a vector of n-1-nPV elements, where element i is ΔQi/|
Vi|,
ΔQi is the “original” reactive power mismatch (nonlinear,
 FDPF Three Bus Example

Use the FDPF to solve the following three bus system

Line Z = j0.07

One Two

200 MW
100 MVR
Line Z = j0.05 Line Z = j0.1

Three 1.000 pu

200 MW
100 MVR

  34.3 14.3 20 
Ybus  j  14.3  24.3 10 
 
 20 10  30 
 FDPF Three Bus Example, cont’d

  34.3 14.3 20 
  24.3 10 
Ybus  j  14.3  24.3 10  B’=B’’=  B   10
    30 
 20 10  30 
 1 -1   0.0477  0.0159 
B
[B’] =[B’’]
-1   
  0.0159  0.0389 
Iteratively solve, starting with an initial voltage guess
(0) (0)

 2  0  V 2  1
     0 V    
 3    3  1
(1)

 2  0    0.0477  0.0159   2    0.1272 
     0     0.0159  0.0389   2    0.1091
 3       
FDPF Three Bus Example, cont’d

(1)
V 2  1   0.0477  0.0159   1  0.9364 
V    1    0.0159  0.0389   1  0.9455
 3       
Pi (x ) n PDi  PGi
 Vk (Gik cos ik  Bik sin  ik ) 
Vi k 1 Vi
(2)

 2   0.1272    0.0477  0.0159   0.151   0.1361
      0.1091    0.0159  0.0389   0.107    0.1156 
 3       
(2)
V 2  0.924 
V    
 3  0.936 
  0.1384   0.9224 
Actual solution: θ   V  
  0.1171   0.9338 
FDPF Region of Convergence
“DC” Power Flow

 The “DC” power flow makes the most severe

approximations:
– completely ignore reactive power, assume all the voltages
are always 1.0 per unit, ignore line conductance
 Thismakes the power flow a linear set of equations,
which can be solved directly

θ B  1 P
Power System Control

 A major problem with power system operation is

the limited capacity of the transmission system
– lines/transformers have limits (usually thermal)
– no direct way of controlling flow down a transmission
line (e.g., there are no valves to close to limit flow)
– open transmission system access associated with industry
restructuring is stressing the system in new ways
 We need to indirectly control transmission line flow
by changing the generator outputs
Indirect Transmission Line Control

What we would like to determine is how a change in

generation at bus k affects the power flow on a line
from bus i to bus j.
The assumption is
that the change
in generation is
absorbed by the
slack bus
Power Flow Simulation - Before

One way to determine the impact of a generator change

is to compare a before/after power flow.
For example below is a three bus case with an overload
131.9 MW

124%

One Two

200.0 MW 68.1 MW 200 MW

68.1 MW 100 MVR
71.0 MVR

Z for all lines = j0.1

Three 1.000 pu

0 MW
64 MVR
Power Flow Simulation - After
Increasing the generation at bus 3 by 95 MW (and hence
decreasing it at bus 1 by a corresponding amount), results
in a 31.3 drop in the MW flow on the line from bus 1 to 2.
101.6 MW

100%

One Two

105.0 MW 3.4 MW 200 MW

98.4 MW 100 MVR
64.3 MVR
92%
Z for all lines = j0.1
Limit for all lines = 150 MVA
1.000 pu
Three
95 MW
64 MVR
Analytic Calculation of Sensitivities

 Calculating control sensitivities by repeat power

flow solutions is tedious and would require many
power flow solutions. An alternative approach is to
analytically calculate these values
The power flow from bus i to bus j is
Vi V j i   j
Pij  sin( i   j ) 
X ij X ij
 i   j  ij
So Pij  We just need to get
X ij PGk
Analytic Sensitivities

From the fast decoupled power flow we know

θ B  1P (x)
So to get the change in θ due to a change of
generation at bus k, just set P( x) equal to
all zeros except a minus one at position k.
 0
 
 
P    1  Bus k
 0
 
  
Three Bus Sensitivity Example
For the previous three bus case with Zline  j 0.1
  20 10 10 
    20 10 
Ybus  j 10  20 10  B  
   10  20 
 10 10  20 
Hence for a change of generation at bus 3
1
  2    20 10   0   0.0333
        
 3  10  20 
    1 0.0667 
0.0667  0
Then P3 to 1  0.667 pu
0.1
P3 to 2 0.333 pu P 2 to 1 0.333 pu