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CHI-SQUARE Goodness of Fit

The document explains the Chi-square test, which is used for testing the goodness of fit, independence of variables, and analyzing contingency tables. It outlines the steps to conduct the test, including formulating hypotheses, calculating expected frequencies and the chi-square statistic, and comparing it to critical values. The document also provides a practice question and solution, illustrating how to apply the test to determine if a die is fair.

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23 views10 pages

CHI-SQUARE Goodness of Fit

The document explains the Chi-square test, which is used for testing the goodness of fit, independence of variables, and analyzing contingency tables. It outlines the steps to conduct the test, including formulating hypotheses, calculating expected frequencies and the chi-square statistic, and comparing it to critical values. The document also provides a practice question and solution, illustrating how to apply the test to determine if a die is fair.

Uploaded by

r2312968q
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHI-SQUARE

goodness of
fitness.
Introduction
Applications of Chi-square
test

Testing the goodness of fit: Determining if a dataset fits a


particular probability distribution.

Testing the independence of variables: Analyzing the


relationship between two categorical variables.

Analyzing contingency tables: Comparing the distribution


of data in different categories or groups.
Steps in conducting Chi-square Test
Steps involved in conducting a chi-square test are as follows:
1. State the null and alternative hypotheses:
- Null hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference between the expected and observed
frequencies.
- Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference between the expected and
observed frequencies.
2. Calculate the expected frequencies based on the null hypothesis.
3. Calculate the chi-square statistic using the formula:
χ² = Σ [(Observed - Expected)^2 / Expected]
where the sum is taken over all the cells in the contingency table.
4. Determine the degrees of freedom (df) based on the number of rows and columns in the
contingency table.
5. Compare the calculated chi-square statistic with the critical value from the chi-square
distribution table, given the specified level of significance (usually 0.05 or 5%) and the
degrees of freedom.
6. If the calculated chi-square statistic is greater than the critical value, reject the null
hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant difference between the expected and
observed frequencies.
PRACTICE QUESTION
Question 1
After losing a board game, your friend believes she might have lost because of a problem with your
dice.
To find out, she rolls your dice 60 times and obtains the following frequencies:

Number Frequency

1 8

2 11

3 6

4 9

5 12

6 14

Should she reject the null hypothesis that the dice lands on each number with equal
probability (p1 = p2 = p3= p4 = p5= p6)?

She should reject the null hypothesis.


She should fail to reject the null hypothesis.
SOLUTIO
N
Correct Answer = a - She should fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Step 1: Calculate the expected frequencies
Number Observed Expected

1 8 60 * (1/6) = 10

2 11 10

3 6 10

4 9 10

5 12 10

6 14 10
SOLUTION
Step 2: Calculate chi-square

Phenotype Observed Expected O-E (O - E)2 (O - E)2 / E

1 8 10 -2 4 0.4

2 11 10 1 1 0.1

3 6 10 -4 16 1.6

4 9 10 -1 1 0.1

5 12 10 2 4 0.4

6 14 10 4 16 1.6

Χ2 = 0.4 + 0.1 + 1.6 + 0.1 + 0.4 + 1.6 = 4.2


Step 3: Find the critical chi-square value
Since there are six groups, there are five degrees of freedom.
For a test of significance at α = .05 and df = 5, the Χ2 critical value is 11.07.
Step 4: Compare the chi-square value to the critical value
Χ2 = 4.2
Critical value = 11.07
The Χ2 value is less than the critical value.
Step 5: Decide whether the reject the null hypothesis
The Χ2 value is greater than the critical value, so your friend should fail to reject the null hypothesis that the die lands on each number with
equal probability. Based on the data, there’s no reason to think there’s a problem with the dice.
CONCLUSIO
N
It is important to note that the chi-square test assumes that
the data is independent and that the expected frequencies in
each cell are sufficiently large (usually at least 5).
If these assumptions are violated, alternative statistical tests
may be more appropriate.

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