Electronics

Communicatio
n
ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra
Lecture - 01

Vishal Soni Sir

 LINEAR ALGEBRA
• Determinant
• Matrices
• Rank
• System of Equation
• Eigen Value or Eigen Function
 LINEAR ALGEBRA
Linear Equation : Maximum power of Variable = 1
1 0
𝑦 + 2 𝑥 = 3(𝑧)
1 1 1 0
𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑦 +𝑐 𝑧 =𝑑𝑤
Q.1 Nature of Solution = ?
Q.2 Nature of Solution = ?
Q.3
 In equation in being solved

Unique solution Infinite no. of solution No finite solution

Consistent Inconsistent
 NOTE
Linear Equation : Maximum power of Variable = 1
𝑎 1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐 1 𝑧 = 𝑑 1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐 2 𝑧 = 𝑑 2→ System of 3 equation
𝑎 3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐 3 𝑧 = 𝑑 3
 [ ][ ] [ ]
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥1 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑥2 = 𝑑 2  System of 3 equations
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑥3 𝑑3

Ran


k
• Rank calculation helps in identification nature of solution of
system of equation.
 NOTE
1) As number of variable, and number of equation increases.
Manual and graphical calculation becomes difficult.
2) In this case system of equation are mapped into matrix form
and rank is calculated to decide nature of solution.
1) To study linear system of equation, linear algebra is used.
2) To determine the nature of solution of linear system of
equation concept of “RANK” is used.
3) To understand the concept of Rank mapping of linear
system of equation should be
performed into matrix.
4) To study the matrix, Basics of determinant should be
understood.
 DETERMINANT
i) Every determinant has to be square in nature.

ii)
 DETERMINANT
iii) Calculation of determinant:

1 3
I) 2 × 2 Δ =
2 4

II) 3 × 3
1 1 4
Δ= 2 1 2
− 1 1 3 3 ×3
For n × n determinant the maximum no. of terms
after expansion = n!
III) Diagonal determinant:
• Principal Diagonal: should not be
all zero
• Other element: should be all zero.
IV) Upper Triangular or Lower Triangular
Determinant
U.T.D.

Element below princ.-diagonal = 0

Elements above princ. Diagonal
Including diagonal = Should not be
all zero.
L.T.D
V) Shortcut of calculation any 3 × 3
determinant
Q. Calculate the determinant of following 3 × 3 matrices:

[ ]
0 1 2
i¿ 1 2 3
3 1 1

[ ]
1 2 2
ii ¿ 2 1 2
2 2 1

[ ]
1 2 5
i ii ¿ 3 1 4
1 1 2
VI) Rotation of Element
←
⃗
(A) Δ = 1 α
¿
α 1 2 ×2

←
⃗
1 0 0 𝛼
←

(B) Δ = 0 ⃗
1 𝛼 0
←
¿
0 𝛼 ⃗
1 0
𝛼 0 0 1 4 × 4
(C) ←
⃗
1 0 0 0 0 α
0 1 0 0 α 0
0 0 1 α 0 0 3
Δ= Δ = ( 1 − α 2)
0 0 α 1 0 0
0 α 0 0 1 0
α 0 0 0 0 1❑ 6 ×6
 Concept of minors and
cofactors:

𝑎 11 𝑎12
Δ = ∨ 𝐴∨ = ∨𝑎 𝑖𝑗 ¿2 × 2 =
𝑎 22 𝑎 22
Let aij is an element of the given
determinant:

𝑖+𝑗
𝑎𝑖𝑗 minor 𝑀 𝑖𝑗 Cofactor 𝐴𝑖𝑗 =( −1 ) 𝑀 𝑖𝑗
→ →
Cofactor of element a23 = ?
 Properties of
Determinant:
1) If 2 rows or 2 columns of a matrix are identical then
determinant = 0
2) If all the elements of any row or column is all zero then
also  = 0.
3) If two rows or two columns of a matrix are inter changed
then sign of determinant changes.
 Properties of
Determinant:
4) If three rows or three column of a determinant are changed
then the sign of det remains unaltered.
𝑇 𝑇
5) ¿ 𝐴∨ = ∨ 𝐴 ∨ det ( 𝐴)= det ( 𝐴 ) = det
𝐴( )
1
−1

𝑎 1 𝑏1 𝑐1
6) 𝑎 2 𝑏 2 𝑐2 = Δ
𝑎3 𝑏 3 𝑐 3
𝐾 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐 1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝐾 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐 2 = 𝐾 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 𝐾 𝛥
𝐾 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐 3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
 Matrix Det.

[ ]
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
[ 𝐴] = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 ¿ 𝐴∨ = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑔 h 𝑖 𝑔 h 𝑖

[ ]
3𝑎 3𝑏 3𝑐 3𝑎 3𝑏 3𝑐
3 [ 𝐴] = 3 𝑑 3 𝑒 3 𝑓 = [ 3 𝐴] 3∨ 𝐴∨ = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
3 𝑔 3h 3𝑖 𝑔 h 𝑖
 [ ]
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
[ 𝐴] = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 Det . ∨ 𝐴∨¿
→
𝑔 h 𝑖
 [ 𝐴 ] 𝑛 × 𝑛 det . ∨ 𝐴∨¿
→
[ 𝐾𝐴 ] 𝑛 × 𝑛 = 𝐾 [ 𝐴]𝑛 × 𝑛 det . 𝐾 𝑛 ∨ 𝐴∨¿
→

[ ]
1 1 2
Q. [ 𝐴] = 3 1 3 = Δ
5 2 6 3 ×3

[5 𝐴] det .
→
(6) (i) 𝐾 𝑎1 𝐾 𝑏1 𝐾 𝑐1
3
𝐾 𝑎2 𝐾 𝑏2 𝐾 𝑐2 =𝐾 𝛥
𝐾 𝑎3 𝐾 𝑏3 𝐾 𝑐3 3× 3
A is n × n determinant
|KA| = Kn |A|

𝐾 𝑎1 𝐾 𝑏1 𝐾 𝑐1
(ii)
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 =0
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 3 × 3
(7)
𝑎 1 + 𝜆1 𝑎 2 + 𝜆2 𝑎 3 + 𝜆3 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝜆1 𝜆2 𝜆3
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 =¿𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3

“If some or all the elements of a row or a column of a det. Are

expressed as sum of two (or more) terms then the determinant
can be expressed as sum of two (or more) det. ”
Ex.
1 1 1 −1
cos θ
2 2
sin θ 1 1 cos 2 θ cos 2 θ 0
2 2 +2 2
1 1 − 1 =¿1 1 −1 1 1 −1
0 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3
(8) If in a det:

(𝑖) 𝑅𝑖 → 𝑅 𝑖 + 𝐾 𝑅 𝑗
⇒ det remains same
(𝑖𝑖) 𝐶 𝑖 → 𝐶 𝑖 + 𝐾 𝐶 𝑗

(ii) in one step, care should be taken to see tht a row that is
affected in one operation should not be used in another
operation simultaneously.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
¿ 𝐴∨ = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 → ∨ 𝐴∨ = 𝛥
𝑔 h 𝑖
Individual
Operation

Case 1 1. R1  R1 + 2R2 : 1 = 

2. R2  R2 + 3R3 : 2 = 
3. R3  R3 + 3R1 + 2R2 : 3 = 

Case 2 1. C1  C1 + 3C3 : 1 = 

2. C2  C2 + 4C1 : 2 = 
3. C3  C3 – 3C1 : 3 = 
Individual
Operation

Case 3 1. R1  R1 + 3R3 : 1 = 

2. C2  C2 + 3C1 : 2 = 
3. R3  3R3 – 4R1 : 3  
 Simultaneous
Operation

1.{𝑅 1 → 𝑅1 + 2 𝑅2
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 3 𝑅3

2.{𝑅 2 → 𝑅2 + 3 𝑅1
𝑅3 → 𝑅 3 + 2 𝑅2
Invalid operation.

3.{𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 3 𝑅1
𝐶3 → 𝐶3 + 2 𝐶2
Invalid operation.
Simultaneous operations can be
used:

Step 1: 𝑅1 → 𝑅 1 + 3 𝑅 2 + 6 𝑅 3
𝑅2 → 𝑅 2 − 6 𝑅3 } → simultaneous

𝑅3 → 𝑅3 + 2 𝑅2
Step 2: 𝑅 → 𝑅 + 2 𝑅
2 2 1
} → simultaneous

Step 3:
𝐶 1 → 𝐶 1 + 2𝐶 2 + 4 𝐶 3
𝐶2 → 𝐶2 − 4 𝐶3 } → simultaneous

Note: Simultaneously Row and Column of should not be used.

Use: In the calculation of det. Of 4 × 4 or
higher.

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑑1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑑1
𝑎 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑑2 0 α2 β2 γ2
Δ= 2 ≡
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑑3 0 α3 β3 γ3
𝑎4 𝑏4 𝑐4 𝑑4 0 α4 β4 γ4
α2 β2 γ2
+ 𝑎1 α3 β3 γ3
α4 β4 γ34× 3
 1 2
(9) Only after 3 × 3 or higher 𝛥= =− 2 ≠ 0
3 4
 𝑥 2 4
Q.1 = 0
4 8 0
1 1 0
i) The above det represents which curve.
ii) Straight lines passes through
Q.2 1 −1 0 1
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 9
0 1 0 24 × 4
Q.3 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎 +2 𝑥 𝑏+2 𝑦 𝑐 +2 𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Q.4 1 1 1
1 1+ 𝑎 1 =¿
1 1 1+𝑏
Q.5 1 1 1
1 1+ 𝑎 1 =¿
1 1 1+𝑏 3×3

1 1 1 1
1 1+ 𝑎 1 1
1 1 1+𝑏 1
1 1 1 1+𝑐 4×4
Q.6 1+𝑎 1 1
1 1+ 𝑏 1
1 1 1+ 𝑐
Q.7 1+𝑏 1 1
1 1+𝑏 1
1 𝑎𝑏 1
Q.8 A = (ai)m × n such that aij = i + j i, j

Calculate sum of all the elements in matrix A?

 1
Q.9 𝑎 𝑏𝑐
𝑎
Δ= 1 𝑏 𝑐𝑎
𝑏
1
𝑐 𝑎𝑏
𝑐
Q.10 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
NOTE

𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
Q.11 4 3 3 3
3 4 3 3
=
3 3 4 3
3 3 3 4
Q.12 1+𝑥 2 3 4
1 2+ 𝑥 3 4
1 2 3+ 𝑥 4
1 2 3 4+ 𝑥
Q.13 1+𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 1+𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 1+𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 1+ 𝑑
Q.14 1 1 1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 =¿
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
 NOTE
1 1 1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 =¿
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Q.15 1 1 1 1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑑2
3 3 3 3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
Q.16 1 0 0 𝛼
1 𝛼
Δ1= =¿¿Δ2 = 0 1 𝛼 0
𝛼1 0 𝛼 1 0
𝛼 0 0 1
Q.17 1 0 0 𝛼
1 𝛼
Δ1= =¿¿Δ2 = 0 1 𝛼 0
𝛼1 0 𝛼 1 0
𝛼 0 0 1
 1 α
(I)
α 1 2× 2
1 0 0 α
(II) 0 1 α 0
0 α 1 0
1 0 0 α 4 ×4
(III) 1 0 0 0 0 α
0 1 0 0 α 0
0 0 1 α 0 0
0 0 α 1 0 0
0 α 0 0 1 0
α 0 0 0 0 16 × 6
[ 𝐴] =
[ 1
4
2
5
3
6 ] 2×4
𝑅 ×𝐶

[]
1
[ 𝐴] = 0
0 3×1
 Parameter Square Rectangular
matrix matrix
(1) Det  ×

(2) Inverse  ×

(3) Diagonal matrix  ×

(4) Rank  
(5) Nullity  

(6) Identity  ×

(7) Idempotent  ×

(8) Involuntary  ×

(9) Nilpotent  ×
(10) Orthogonal  ×

(11) Symmetric  ×

(12) Skew symmetric  ×

(13) Hermitian  ×

(14) Skew Hermitian  ×

(15) Unitary  ×
 TYPES OF
MATRICES:
(1) Row matrix: 1 Row
[ 𝐴 ] = [ 1 2 3 ] 1 ×3
Multiple Column
(2) Column matrix:

[]
1 Column 1
[ 𝐴 ] =2
Multiple Row
3 3 ×2
 TYPES OF
MATRICES:
(3) Null matrix or zero matrix:

1. SQ matrix

[ ]
0 0 0
[
2. 0
0
0
0 ] 2 ×2
0
0
0
0
0
0 3×3
 TYPES OF
MATRICES:
(4) Diagonal marrix:
1. SQUARE matrix
2. Principle diagonal element  not all zero.
Other  all zero.

{
3. [A] = [aij]n×n =
0 𝑖≠ 𝑗
not all zero 𝑖 = 𝑗
: 1 ≤ 𝑖, 𝑗 ≤ 𝑛
 TYPES OF
MATRICES:
(5) Upper Triangular matrix:
1. SQ. matrix
2. Elements below principle diagonal : all zero
REST : not all zero

{ 𝑎 𝑖𝑗 =0 : 𝑖 > 𝑗
3. [A] = [aij]m × n = 𝑎 : not : 𝑖 ≤ 𝑗
𝑖𝑗 1 ≤ 𝑖, 𝑗 ≤𝑛
all zero
 TYPES OF
MATRICES:
(6) Lower Triangular matrix:
1. SQ. matrix
2. Elements above princ. Diagonal : All zero
Other : Not all zero

{
3. [A] = [aij]n × n =
𝑎 𝑖𝑛 =0 𝑖< 𝑗
𝑎 𝑖𝑗 not all zero 𝑖 ≥ 𝑗
 TYPES OF
MATRICES:
(7) Sub matrix

[ ]
1 2 3
[ 𝐴] = 1 1 −1
0 4 5
 TYPES OF
MATRICES:
(8) Equal matrix