The bones primarily give support to the appendages

and protect the fragile organs of the body such as

the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs.
They also store calcium and phoshorus in the hard
bone matrix, which can be released when needed
elsewhere.
The bumps, ridges, and grooves on the surface of
bones provide attachment sites for the skeletal
muscles.
Additionally, many bones contain a soft tissue called
marrow that produces new blood cells and stores fat
Bone is one of the hardest parts of the body
Very lightweight
Can resist tension
◦ Calcium salts make it hard
◦ Collagen fibers make it strong and flexible
⚫ Support ⚫ Storage
⚫ Internal framework of body ⚫ Fat storage
⚫ Ex: Legs support body trunk, ⚫ In yellow marrow
rib cage supports chest wall ⚫ Mineral storage
⚫ Protection ⚫ Calcium, phosphorus, and
others.
⚫ Protects soft body organs (skull
protects brain, ribs protect ⚫ Blood cell formation
heart and lungs, etc) ⚫ Hematopoeisis
⚫ Movement* ⚫ Occurs in bone marrow of long
bones
⚫ Muscles use bones as levers to
move body
⚫ NOT a function skeletal system
can do on it’s own
The adult human skeleton is a framework of 206
bones and is anatomically divided into two parts,
◦ The axial skeleton
◦ The appendicular skeleton
Two types of bone
◦ Compact bone
🞄 Homogeneous appearance
🞄 Dense, looks smooth
◦ Spongy bone
🞄 Small needle-like pieces
🞄 Lots of open spaces
🞄 (Looks like a sponge, hence the name)
In embryos…
◦ Skeleton made of hyaline cartilage
◦ Gets replaced by bone with age

Cartilage remains in a few places…

◦ Bridge of nose
◦ Parts of ribs
◦ Joints
⚫Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone
during childhood
⚫New cartilage is continuously formed
⚫Older cartilage becomes ossified
⚫Cartilage is broken down
⚫Bone replaces cartilage
⚫ Bones remodeled, lengthened until growth
stops
⚫Bones change shape somewhat
⚫Bones grow in width
Osteocyte
◦ Mature bone cell
Osteoblast
◦ “Bone builders”
Osteoclast
◦ “Bone destroyers”
◦ Break down bone matrix to remodel and/or release
calcium
⚫ Long Bones ⚫ Flat Bones
⚫Longer than wide ⚫Thin, flat, usually curved
⚫Contain shaft with head at ⚫Two layers of compact
each end bone with spongy bone in
⚫Mostly compact bone between
⚫Limbs (not ankle or wrist ⚫Skull, ribs, breastbone
bones) ⚫ Irregular Bones
⚫ Short Bones ⚫Don’t fit into the other
⚫Cube-shaped categories
⚫Mostly spongy bone ⚫Vertebrae, hip bones
⚫Wrist and ankle bones
⚫Patella (kneecap)
⚫ Diaphysis
⚫Shaft
⚫Made of compact bone
⚫ Epiphyses
⚫Ends of long bone
⚫Made of compact
bone surrounding
spongy bone
⚫Covered with articular
cartilage
⚫ Smooth, glassy, decreases
friction at joints
Epiphyseal Line
◦ Line of bone tissue that
looks different from rest
of bone
◦ Remnant of epiphyseal
plate
🞄 Hyaline cartilage
🞄 Causes long bones to grow
lengthwise
Periosteum
◦ Outer covering of shaft
◦ Like “skin” on chicken
bone
Sharpey’s fibers
◦ Attach periosteum to
bone
Arteries
◦ Supply nutrients to bone
cells
Medullary Cavity
◦ In shaft
◦ Contains yellow marrow
(adipose) in adults
◦ Contains red marrow in
infants (for blood cell
formation)
The human skeleton can be divided into two
◦ The axial skeleton
◦ The appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral
column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated
bones.
The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the
axial skeleton, is formed by the shoulder girdle,
the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and
lower limbs.
The core of the skeleton is referred to as the axial
skeleton. It consists of the following 80 bones.
The upright posture of humans is maintained by the
axial skeleton, which transmits the weight from the
head, the trunk, and the upper extremities down to
the lower extremities at the hip joints.
◦ Skull: 22 bones
◦ Hyoid: 1 bone
◦ Vertebrae: 32 -34 bones
◦ Ribs: 24 bones
◦ Sternum: 1 bone
The skull consists of 22 bones and 7 associated
bones. All the larger skull bones are shown in this
exploded view. They fall into two main groups.
◦ One group (including the frontal, parietal, and temporal
bones) surrounds the brain and is fused together to form the
cranium.
◦ The remainder of the bones form the face.
Sutures
◦ Interlocking, immovable joints holding most skullbones
together
🞄 Mandible-only freely movable bone in skull
This highly flexible structure, also called the
vertebral column, supports the head and body.
It also protects the delicate tissues of the spinal
cord.
It is made up of 32-34 bones called vertebrae,
separated by intervertebral discs, which act as shock
absorbers.
The bones of the spine are kept in place and
supported by attached ligaments and muscles.
Vertebrae named for
their location
◦ 7 cervical vertebrae
🞄 C1 = Atlas
🞄 C2 = Axis
◦ 12 thoracic vertebrae
◦ 5 lumbar vertebrae
◦ Sacrum
🞄 5 fused
vertebrae
◦ Coccyx
🞄 4 fused
vertebrae
Vertebrae separated
by
fibrocartilage discs
Forms a cage to protect
organs
Three parts
◦ Sternum
🞄 Flat bone
🞄 3 fused bones
🞄 Manubrium
🞄 Body
🞄 Xyphoid process
🞄 Attached to first 7 pair of
ribs
◦ Rib Cage
🞄 12 pairs
🞄 True Ribs= 7
pair
🞄 False Ribs = 5
pair
🞄 Floating Ribs =
2 pair
◦ Thoracic vertebrae
The appendicular skeleton is Thighs and legs (8 bones) –
divided into six major regions: ◦ Left and right femur (2) (thigh)
◦ Patella (2) (knee)
Pectoral girdles (4 bones) ◦ Tibia (2)
– ◦ Fibula (2) (leg).
◦ Left and right clavicle (2)
Feet and ankles (52 bones)
◦ Scapula (2).
Left and right tarsals (14) (ankle)
Arms and forearms (6 Metatarsals (10)
bones) – Proximal phalanges (10)
◦ Left and right humerus (2) Intermediate phalanges (8)
(arm) Distal phalanges (10).
◦ Ulna (2)
◦ Radius (2) (forearm).
Hands (54 bones) –
◦ Left and right carpals (16)
(wrist)
◦ Metacarpals (10)
◦ Proximal phalanges (10),
◦ Intermediate phalanges (8)
◦ Distal phalanges (10)
Pelvis (2 bones) –
Pectoral girdles (4 bones)
◦ Left and right clavicle (2)
◦ Scapula (2).
Arms and forearms (6 bones) –
◦ Left and right humerus (2) (arm)
◦ Ulna (2)
◦ Radius (2) (forearm).
Hands (54 bones) –
◦ Left and right carpals (16) (wrist)
◦ Metacarpals (10)
◦ Proximal phalanges (10),
◦ Intermediate phalanges (8)
◦ Distal phalanges (10)
Three pairs of fused Carries total weight of
bones upper body
◦ Ilium Protects
◦ Ischium ◦ Reproductive organs
◦ Pubic bone ◦ Bladder
◦ Part of large intestine
Female inlet larger/more
circular
Female pelvis is shallower,
bones lighter/thinner
Female hip bones flare
wider
Female sacrum is
shorter/less curved
Female pubic arch is more
rounded/angle is greater
◦ Left and right femur
(2) (thigh)
◦ Patella (2) (knee)
◦ Tibia (2)
◦ Fibula (2) (leg).
Left and
right tarsals (14)
(ankle)
Metatarsals (10)
Proximal
phalanges (10)
Intermediate
phalanges (8)
Distal
phalanges
(10).
Articulations of bones Fibrous joints
Functions ◦ Immovable
◦ Hold bones together 🞄 EX: sutures of skull
◦ Mobility Cartilaginous joints
◦ Immovable OR slightly
Classified by movable
🞄 EX: Pubic symphysis and
structure/function Vertebrae
Synovial joints
◦ Freely movable
Articulating bones Associated Joint
separated by joint cavity Structures
◦ Articular cartilage covers ◦ Bursae
bone ends 🞄 Flat fibrous sacs
◦ Joint surfaces enclosed by 🞄 Lined with synovial
fibrous capsule membrane
◦ Cavity contains synovial 🞄 Contains synovial
fluid fluid
◦ Ligaments help reinforce 🞄 Common where ligaments,
the joint muscles, skin, tendons
◦ Tendon
rub together
sheath
🞄 Elongated bursa wrapping
around a tendon that deals
with lots of friction
🞄 Like a bun around hot dog
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