Presented to –Ms Mamta

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Presented by - Mukesh
Roll No 20230652
MA Psychology(3rd semester)
CRSU JIND

Zuckerman’s Alternative Five Factor

Model
(PERSONALITY)
DATED 17.10.2024
INTRODUCTION
 Marvin Zuckerman and his colleagues
developed the AFFM
 A rival to well-known five factor model of

personality traits.
 The AFFM differs from the five factor model
 As it lacks an equivalent to the dimension of

openness to experience
 The AFFM is based on the assumption that

"basic" personality traits have a strong

biological-evolutionary base
AFFM OF PERSONALITY
 The alternative five factor model of personality is
based on
 that the structure of human personality traits is
best explained by five broad factors
 impulsive sensation seeking (ImpSS)
 neuroticism–anxiety (N-Anx)
 aggression–hostility (Agg-Host)
 sociability (Sy)
 activity (Act)
 One of the salient differences is that the alternative
five model lacks any equivalent to the dimension
 openness to experience in the five factor model.
 Zuckerman’s viewpoint
 Zuckerman argued that basic factors have a biological-evolutionary basis
 evidenced by comparable traits in non-human species
 model was developed by administering research participants a large
number of pre-existing personality questionnaires and subjecting the
results to factor analysis
 The questionnaires were selected based on their use in psychobiological
research
 Questionnaires used included the Jackson Personality Inventory, the
Personality Research Form, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, the
sensation seeking scale and several others including a measure of
social desirability
 Markers such as "agreeableness" and "conscientiousness" were
deliberately excluded on the basis that these traits are not present in non-
human species
 The researchers compared models with three to seven different factors.
They found that both three and five factor solutions were acceptable, but
argued that the five-factor solution was preferable due to greater
specificity.
Nature of the five factors

 Neuroticism–anxiety: measures anxiety, fear,

general emotionality, psychasthenia(phobias),
inhibition of aggression
 factor is also associated with obsessive
indecisiveness, lack of self-confidence, and
sensitivity to criticism
 Aggression–hostility vs. social desirability:
measures aggression, hostility, anger, lack of
inhibitory control, and low social desirability
 factor is associated with rudeness,
thoughtlessness and antisocial behavior,
vengefulness, quick temper and impatience.
Nature of the five factors

 Impulsive ;sensation-seeking: measures low socialiszation,

and high psychoticism, impulsivity, and sensation-seeking
 impulsivity items assess lack of planfulness and a tendency
to act without thinking
 Sensation seeking-describe a liking for thrills and excitement,
novelty and variety, and unpredictable situations and friends
 Sociability: measures affiliation, social participation,
extraversion. Assesses liking for big parties and interactions
with many people
 dislike of isolation in sociable people versus a liking for the
same in unsociable people
 Activity: measures energetic behavior and persistence.
 factor is associated with need to keep active
 feelings of restlessness when there is nothing to do
Measure of personality by
AFFM
 A self-report measure called the Zuckerman-
Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire, Form III,
Revised (ZKPQ) has been developed to
assess these five traits
 It consists of 99 items in a true-false format.
 In addition to scales measuring the five

factors, it contains an "infrequency"

validity scale.
 Endorsement of these items indicates

exaggerated social desirability, as the items

are unlikely to be true
Comparison with other personality models

 Neuroticism-anxiety is basically identical to

neuroticism
 The factors in the AFFM correspond to traits

in Eysenck's three factor model, to four of

the five traits in the Five factor model
 sociability is very similar to extraversion in

the Eysenck and five factor

 Impulsive sensation-seeking is positively

correlated with psychoticism from Eysenck's

model, and negatively with
conscientiousness in the five factor
Comparison with other personality models

 Aggression-hostility is inversely related to

agreeableness in the five factor model
 Activity is subsumed under extraversion in some
models of personality but argued that it should
be considered an independent dimension of
temperament that is distinct from sociability
 A later study comparing Zuckerman's model with
the Five Factor model using factor analysis found
that Activity, sociability, and extraversion all
loaded onto a single factor, suggesting that
Activity and extraversion are closely related.
Implications of AFFM
 Zuckerman's personality theory has important implications
 research on sensation and experience-seeking theory has shown
 individual differences on these dimensions can influence the
likelihood that people engage in risky behaviors, such as drug use,
driving. recklessness or participation in dangerous activities.
 Zuckerman's theory has been used to better understand the
relationship between personality and mental health
 it has been found that people with high levels of sensation
seeking may be more at risk of experiencing anxiety disorders or
addictions
 those with high levels of sensation avoidance may be less likely to
engage in risky behaviors
 However, they may experience difficulties in seeking new
experiences that can enrich their lives.
criticism
 critics have pointed out that Zuckerman's
proposed classification of personality
dimensions may be overly simplistic and
may not capture the complexity of human
personality in its entirety
 the validity of the scales used to measure

the dimensions of sensation and experience

seeking has been questioned, arguing that
they may be susceptible to subjective
interpretations and individual biases
Criticism and defense
 Some scholars maintain that Zuckerman's
theory is incomplete and does not
encompass all relevant aspects of human
personality
 personality is a complex and multifaceted

phenomenon that cannot be fully explained

by a single theory, and advocates an
integrative approach that takes into account
multiple dimensions and perspectives
conclusion
 Through his work, Zuckerman has contributed
significantly to the understanding of how people differ
in terms of their preferences, behaviors, and
emotions, and how these differences relate to
personality formation
 Despite the criticisms and controversies surrounding
his theory, Zuckerman has demonstrated a
willingness to address concerns raised by his critics
and to collaborate with other researchers to further
advance the field of personality psychology. His
legacy will live on in future research and contributions
to the understanding of the complexity and diversity
of human personality.
References
 wikipedia
 https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-21837-009
 https://www.idrlabs.com/alternative-five-model-personali
ty/test.php
 Kinra, A. K. (2008). Guidance and counselling. Dorling Kinderseley (India)
pvt. Ltd.

 Zuckerman’s Alternative Five Factor Model

 (PERSONALITY)

THANK YOU
by
MUKESH
ROLL NO 20230652
MA PSYCHOLOGY(3rd SEMESTER)
CRSU JIND(HARYANA)-126102