The Ecolution of Scientific

Method and Laboratory

Safety: From Early
Science to
Modern
Practices
Prepared and
Presented by;
Salcedo, John
Cedmerk E.
3rd Year - BSED-SCI
 Introduction
Science processes are the methods or
skills that scientists use to explore
the natural world, conduct
experiments, and build knowledge.
 Ancient civilizations like the
Egyptians, Babylonians, and Greeks
approached knowledge through
methods that heavily relied on
observation and trial-and-error,
forming the early foundations of
science and technology.
Egyptians
Observations in
Medicine:
•Egyptian physicians
observed symptoms in
patients and recorded
remedies based on trial-and-
error. For example, they used
honey for wound healing,
recognizing its antibacterial
properties through repeated
success.
Egyptians
Observations in
Medicine:

•The Ebers Papyrus, a

medical text, documented
treatments derived from
years of observation and
experimentation.
Egyptians
Architecture and
Engineering:
•Egyptians used trial-and-
error to perfect their
monumental structures,
such as the pyramids. Early
pyramids like the Step
Pyramid of Djoser evolved
into the smooth-sided
pyramids we know today,
reflecting refinement over
time.
Egyptians
Astronomy:
They observed celestial movements to develop calendars,
crucial for predicting the Nile’s flooding.
Babylonians
Astronomy and
Mathematics:
Babylonians meticulously
observed planetary and stellar
movements, creating detailed
star charts and calendars.
Their mathematical
knowledge, including the
development of the base-60
system, arose from trial-and-
error in problem-solving.
Babylonians Agriculture:
They observed weather
patterns and soil conditions,
experimenting with irrigation
techniques to maximize crop
yields.
Babylonians
Medicine:

Babylonian healers used

spells and herbs, refining their
treatments based on the
outcomes they observed in
patients.
Greeks
Philosophical
Observation and Logical
Inquiry:
Thinkers like Aristotle
combined observation with
reasoning to explain natural
phenomena. For instance,
Aristotle classified animals
based on shared traits.
Greeks
Medicine:
Hippocrates emphasized
systematic observation of
patients’ symptoms and their
environments to develop
treatments, moving toward a
more scientific method.
Greeks
Trial-and-Error in
Engineering:
Archimedes’ work on levers
and pulleys demonstrated the
application of repeated
experimentation to refine his
principles.
Greeks
Astronomy:
Ptolemy’s geocentric model of
the universe was based on
detailed astronomical
observations, even if later
proven incorrect.
 Aristotle’s
Deductive
Aristotle's deductive Method
reasoning, also known as
syllogism, is a logical process
where conclusions are drawn
from general premises. It
starts with a universal
principle (major premise),
combines it with a specific
instance (minor premise), and
derives a logical conclusion.
 Aristotle’s Deductive Method

Major Minor
Premise Premise Conclusion
All humans are Jay is a human Jay is mortal
mortal.
 Aristotle’s Deductive Method
Impact on Early Science
• Aristotle’s deductive reasoning shaped early scientific
thought, influencing scholars for centuries.

• His works on natural philosophy, such as "Physics" and

"On the Heavens", provided frameworks for
understanding motion, causality, and the natural world.

• Although his conclusions were sometimes flawed, his

emphasis on logic and systematic reasoning laid the
foundation for future scientific inquiry.
 Middle Ages and
the Islamic Golden
Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham):His "Book of
Agethe study
Optics" (1021) revolutionized
of light, vision, and optics.
He used experimental methods to show
how light travels in straight lines,
explained reflection and refraction, and
correctly described the anatomy of the
eye.
Experimental Observations and
Their Importance:
• Scholars of the Islamic Golden Age emphasized
empirical observation and verification, moving
away from purely theoretical reasoning.
• They developed methods that resembled modern
experimentation, like controlled tests and systematic
documentation.
• Their works were later translated into Latin,
influencing European thought during the
Renaissance.
 The Renaissance
and Inductive
Francis Bacon proposed an inductive
Reasoning
method in his book "Novum Organum",
rejecting Aristotle’s reliance on
deduction.He emphasized gathering
specific observations to form general
conclusions, reversing the deductive
process. Bacon’s approach encouraged
scientists to collect data through
experimentation and draw conclusions
based on patterns.
 The
Emergence of
Scientific
Method
Galileo’s Use of Experiments to
Validate Theories
•Galileo Galilei was one of the first to combine systematic
observation and controlled experimentation to validate theories,
moving beyond speculation.

•For example, he tested the motion of falling objects, disproving

Aristotle’s claim that heavier objects fall faster.

•Galileo also used telescopes to observe celestial bodies, providing

evidence for the heliocentric model.
Steps of Early Scientific Inquiry

Observation: Experimentation:
Hypothesis:
Identifying a Testing the hypothesis
Proposing a possible
phenomenon or through controlled
explanation.
problem. experiments.

Analysis: Replication:
Interpreting data to Repeating experiments
draw conclusions. to confirm results.
 Modernization of the Scientific
Method
•Isaac Newton significantly advanced the scientific method by integrating
systematic experimentation with mathematical analysis.

•In his landmark work, "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (1687),

he formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation based on rigorous
observations and experiments.

•Newton emphasized the importance of using empirical evidence to validate

theories and combined inductive reasoning (deriving laws from observations) with
deductive reasoning (applying laws to explain phenomena).

•His experiments with light and prisms, detailed in "Opticks", demonstrated how
white light is composed of different colors, exemplifying his meticulous approach.
 The Scientific Method Today

01 02 03
Experimentati
Observation Hypothesis on
Identifying a problem or Forming a testable and esigning and
phenomenon to falsifiable statement conducting controlled
investigate. that explains the experiments to test the
observation. hypothesis.
04 05 06
Data Analysis Conclusion Peer Review
Interpreting results Drawing conclusions Submitting findings to
using statistical and about whether the the scientific
logical methods. hypothesis is supported community for
or refuted. evaluation and
1 Observation
The process begins by identifying a problem,
question, or phenomenon to investigate.
Observations may involve using the senses, tools, or
prior research to gather information about the
subject. Example: Noticing that plants in sunlight
grow faster than those in the shade.
2 Hypothesis
A testable and falsifiable statement is formulated to
explain the observation. A good hypothesis is clear,
concise, and makes specific predictions. Example: "If
a plant receives more sunlight, then it will grow taller
because sunlight increases photosynthesis."
 Types of research hypotheses
A statement predicting a relationship between two
Simple hypothesis variables

Complex
Predicts relationships between multiple variables
hypothesis
A statement that assumes no relationship or effect
Null hypothesis between variables; used for testing.

Logical hypothesis Based on reasoning or logic but not yet tested.

Empirical A hypothesis tested through experiments or

observations.
hypothesis
3 Experimentati
Controlled experiments are designed to test the
hypothesis. Variables are identified: the independent

on
variable (e.g., sunlight), the dependent variable
(e.g., plant height), and control variables (e.g., soil
type, water). Example: Growing two groups of plants—
one in sunlight and one in shade—while keeping other
conditions the same.
4 Data Analysis
The data collected from the experiments is organized,
analyzed, and interpreted. Statistical tools and logical
reasoning are used to determine if the results support
the hypothesis. Example: Comparing the average
height of plants in sunlight versus shade using graphs
or statistical tests.
 Research phase results

Sunlight
Plants under direct
sunlight

Shade
Plants in shaded area
5 Conclusion
Based on the analysis, conclusions are drawn about
whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted. If the
hypothesis is refuted, researchers may revise it and
repeat the process. Example: "Plants in sunlight grew
35% taller, supporting the hypothesis."
6 Peer Review
Findings are shared with the scientific community for
evaluation, feedback, and validation. Peer review
ensures that the research is rigorous, reproducible, and
free of significant errors. Example: Publishing the study
in a scientific journal for critique by other experts.
Developmen
t of
Laboratory
Safety
 Early scientific experiments,
particularly during the era of
alchemy, posed significant risks due
to limited understanding of chemical
properties and the absence of proper
safety protocols. Alchemists often
worked with toxic substances like
mercury, lead, and arsenic, leading
to serious health issues or even
fatalities. Explosions and fires were
Pioneers of
Laboratory Safety
Antoine Lavoisier
•Known as the "Father of
Modern Chemistry,"
Lavoisier emphasized
careful measurements and
safe handling of gases,
reducing the risks of
working with volatile
substances.
Pioneers of
Laboratory Safety
Justus von Liebig
•Credited with improving
laboratory safety by
designing safer lab layouts,
standardizing equipment
like glassware, and
introducing systematic
training for chemists.
 Early experiments, especially in
alchemy, involved dangerous
substances like mercury and arsenic,
often resulting in accidents such as
explosions and poisoning. Pioneers
like Antoine Lavoisier and Justus von
Liebig introduced safer practices,
including proper gas handling and
standardized equipment. Innovations
like fume hoods, safety goggles, and
 Famous experiments, such as Louis
Pasteur's sterilization work,
highlighted the importance of
combining the scientific method with
safety protocols. Ethical guidelines
and modern safety equipment,
including automated systems and
protective gear, have made research
safer. Teaching laboratory safety
alongside science processes ensures
 Thank
You for
Listening!
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What factors
influence when
writing a
hypothesis?
Do you know what helps you make your point
clear? Lists like this one:

● They’re simple
● Organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!

And the most important thing: the audience

won’t miss the point of your presentation
 Variables in hypothesis

Independent Dependent
variable variable
Mercury is the closest planet Venus has a beautiful name
to the Sun and the smallest and is the second planet from
one in the Solar System—it’s the Sun. Venus is hot and has
only a bit larger than the a poisonous atmosphere
Moon
 02
Characteristic
s
This is the subtitle that
makes it comprehensible
 Characteristics

Venus Mercury Saturn

Venus has a beautiful Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant
name and is the planet to the Sun and and is composed
second planet from the the smallest one mostly of hydrogen
Sun and helium
What makes a good hypothesis?
Easy
Cause-effect language
Venus has a beautiful Mars is actually a cold
name and is the place and is full of iron
second planet from oxide dust
the Sun

To be tested Questionable
Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant
planet to the Sun and and is composed
the smallest one mostly of hydrogen
and helium
 Write a hypothesis

Question Research Define

Jupiter is the biggest Mercury is the closest Despite being red,
planet in the System planet to the Sun Mars is actually a cold
place

Statement Support Write

Venus is the second Saturn is composed of Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun hydrogen and helium planet from the Sun
Awesom
e words
A picture is
worth a
thousand
words
 To reinforce
the concept,
try using an
image
Images reveal large amounts of data,
so remember: use an image instead of
a long text. Your audience will
appreciate it
498,30
Big numbers catch your audience’s

0
attention
3,100,000
Mercury is the closest planet to the
Sun

5,540.00
Saturn is a gas giant with several rings
 Most important phases
75
95% 85%
%

Research Test Result

Mercury is the closest Venus is the second Despite being red,
planet to the Sun planet from the Sun Mars is a cold place
Desktop
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This is a map

Mars
Mars is a very
cold place

Venus
Venus has a
beautiful name
 How to write a hypothesis
Preliminar Scientific
y research method
Mercury is the Jupiter is the
smallest planet biggest planet

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Ask a Define
question variables
Venus is the Mars is actually a
second planet cold place
from the Sun
 Process of a hypothesis
Refine
Mercury is the
closest planet from
the Sun
Formulation Alternative
Venus is the second Mars is actually a
planet from the Sun very cold place
 Our team

Lisa Timmy John Doe Susan Smith

You can speak a bit You can speak a bit You can speak a bit
about this person here about this person here about this person here
 The scientific method
Inconsistenc
Question Testing
y

Research Analysis Revision

Hypothesis Evidence Theory

 Which part is more difficult to
14
write? 32
Solution Result
Mercury is the % % Saturn is a gas
closest planet giant planet

Questio
n 26 28 Variable
Venus is the % % Mars is a very
second planet cold place

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 Easy steps to follow

The hypothesis Make sure the

Write clear and
should be based on hypothesis is
concise sentences
question testable

Revise the
Formulate your
hypothesis once
written hypothesis
finalized
 Formulating your hypothesis
Key inquiry question
Insert here the question

Sub-question 1 Sub-question 2 Sub-question 3

Insert here the sub- Insert here the sub- Insert here the sub-
question question question

Topic sentence 1 Topic sentence 2 Topic sentence 3

Insert here the topic Insert here the topic Insert here the topic

Hypothesis
Insert here your hypothesis
Formula for writing hypothesis
A general formula
If the because .
n

Independent Dependent Result

variable variable
Your hypothesis
If Insert your text here

then Insert your text here

because Insert your text here

 Write your hypothesis
1 Ask a question Insert your answer here

2 Gather research Insert your answer here

Answer your
3 Insert your answer here
question
Write a hypothesis
4 Insert your answer here
draft
Revise your
5 Insert your answer here
hypothesis
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“Mercury is the “Despite being red,
smallest planet in Mars is actually a
the Solar System” very cold place”

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“Venus is the
“Neptune is the “Saturn is a gas
second planet from
farthest planet from giant and has
the Sun and is
the Sun” several rings”
terribly hot”

Text 4 Text 5 Text 6

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Mars is actually a
very cold place”

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“Jupiter is the
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Solar System”
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giant and has
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