What is the need to establish

identity??
• We have many criteria to establish identity

• Anthropometry
• Microscopy
• Trace evidences
Odontology
• Radiological estimation
 Identity
• “ set of characteristics that individualize a person”

• They are of two types

• Partial : reliance on few criteria

• Complete: 100 %
 Indications – Living persons
CIVIL CASES CRIMINAL CASES

MARRIAGE ASSAULT AND MURDER

ISSUE OF PASSPORT/LICENSE NEWBORN INTERCHANGED

INHERITANCE OF PROPERTY IMPERSONATION

INSURANCE CLAIM ABSCONDING CRIMINALS

MISSING PERSONS

DISPUTED SEX
In the dead
• In explosive/fire accidents
• Unknown body recovered
• Decomposed body
• Mutilated bodies
• Skeleton
Why is this man still free?
 CORPUS DELICTI
• Body of offense
• Crime has actually occurred much before the conviction of a person

• It includes
• Positive identification of the body
• Proof of death by criminal act
PARAMETERS
• BOTH IN LIVING AND DEAD
• Race and religion
• Sex
• Age
• Teeth
• Stature
• Anthropometry
• Hair, Blood, DNA
• Scar, Tattoo
In Living
• Handwriting
• Gait
• Speech and Voice
• Memory and Education
• Habits
Bertillion system
• French police officer
• Research on biometrics
• Applied anthropometry in law enforcement
• Identification system based on physical measurements
• 1882  BERTILLIONAGE
• To identify habitual criminals - based on measurements of the body (after 21
years of age)

• INTRODUCED MUG SHOT

• Descriptive data : colour of hair, eyes, iris colour, shape of face
• Body measurements :
• height
• anteroposterior diameter
• arm span
• height of trunk
• length and width of head
• length and breadth of right ear
• length of left foot, left forearm, middle and ring fingers
• Body marks : moles, scars, tattoos
• Photographs – front and side views
“Portrait Parle = Spoken portrait”
• Synonym of Bertillon system

• Portrait : photograph of the full face and the profile view

• Spoken : additional body description and body marks
IT HAD FLAWS TOO
• Measurements must be taken accurately
• Photographs are not always reliable
• Well trained operators are needed
• Applicable only in adults

• Was soon undermined by Finger prints

Stature : It varies daily on a daily
basis or rather daily
• HEIGHT – variable parameter or not?
• Variation in stature with age –
• reaches maximum at around 18-25 years
• reduces by 2.5cm every 25 years
• More in recumbent position –
• “length” of a corpse is more than its height
• More in morning than later on in the day
• Height is 3.75cm more than length of the entire skeleton
• Length of spine = 34/100 of entire height
• Height of head = 1/8th of total height or a little more
• Pubis is the central point  so above it and below it is one half each
of the body height TRUE????
• Distance from tips of fingers with arms extended, to navel = distance
from navel to feet
• Height = Arm span
Hepburn osteometric board – from
long bones
Anatomical method - arrange the skeletal remains in the anatomical order and
take measurements
Mathematical method – more accurate ; but actual value is more than the values
obtained using formulae
Accuracy can be increased by using as many formulae as possible from as many
bones as possible
 Karl Pearson formula , Trotter and Glesser’s formula ****
 Pan’s formula, Nat’s formula, Siddiqui and Shah’s formula
 Estimating the stature from long bones

Karl Pearson’s formula

Male Female
Length (L) Dry Humid Dry Humid
Humerus L × 2.894 + 70.164 L × 2.894 + 70.714 L × 2.754 + 71.475 L × 2.754 + 72.046
Radius L × 3.271+ 89.925 L × 3.271+ 86.464 L × 3.343 + 81.224 L × 3.343 + 82.189
Femur L × 1.880 + 81.30 L × 1.880 + 81.231 L × 1.945 + 72. 844 L × 1.945 + 73.163
Tibia L × 2.894 + 78.664 L × 2.376 + 78.807 L × 2.352 + 74.774 L × 2.352 + 75.369

Formula to assess the stature from the length of foetal bones

Stature = Length of diaphysis of femur × 6.71 cm.

Stature = Length of diaphysis of tibia × 7.63 cm.
Stature = Length of diaphysis of humerus × 7.6 cm.
Stature = Length of diaphysis of radius × 9.2 cm.
 Sir Sydney Smith

• “MOSTLY MURDER” - autobiography

 Buck Ruxton case
 Shark arm case
 Three bones
Conclusions
 Bones from the same body – young female of short stature and slight build
 23-24 years old
 At least one pregnancy
 Lame on left side since infancy/childhood (Prolonged use of right leg than
the left)
 Injured by shotgun from in front at a few yards distance
 Woman was erect, shot was from before backwards, from left to right and
slightly upwards
 Pellets could have injured the abdomen and viscera along with bones -
possible cause of death was suppurative peritonitis, within 7-10 days of
shooting
 Possibly in 3 months or more
 RELIGION AND RACE

• Race is biological grouping within human population.

• Basis: genetically transmitted differences

• Clothing
• Complexion
• Eye colour
• Hair
• CEPHALIC INDEX
TRAIT

Complexion Black - negroes

Brown- Indians
Fair- Europeans

EYES Dark/brown- Indians

Europeans- blue or gray

Hair Variable nowadays

Religion
• A PRACTICE ADOPTED TO UNIFY PEOPLE

• Religious practices often leave imprints

• Corns and callosities as part of prayer practices
• Circumcision
• Ear lobe piercing
• Position of nose ring and toe rings, tattoos.
CEPAHLIC INDEX

• CEPHALIC INDEX= Max transverse breadth of skull x100

• Max Anteroposterior length of skull

• Hyperbrachycepahlic- >85-89.9
• Kyushu of Japan / Apert syndrome
 CEPHALIC INDEX
TYPE OF SKULL CPEHALIC INDEX RACE

DOLICOCEPHALIC 70-74.9 NEGROIDS/ARYANS/ABORIGNIES

MESATICEPHALIC (Medium 75-79.9 CAUCASOIDS- European/Chinese

headed)
BRACHYCEPHALIC (short headed) 80-84.9 MONGOLOIDS- Mongolian/native
Americans
NO FEATURE CAUCASIANS MONGOLS NEGROES

1 SKULL Rounded Square Narrow and elongated

2 FOREHEAD Raised Inclined more Small and compressed

3 FACE Lower face straight Large and flattened Jaw projecting

4 ORBITS Triangular Small and round Square

5 NASAL OPENING Narrow and elongated Rounded Broad

6 PALATE Triangular Rounded Rectangular

7 NASAL INDEX <0.48 0.48-0.53 >0.53

 Mongolian Spots
• Hyperpigmented patches

• Lumbosacral area

• 90 percent in native Americans

• 80%- Asians
• 10% in whites
 Any
connection
other than
being in the
track??
Some definitions
• Sex : biological term denoting the genetic,physiologic and anatomic
characteristics of an individual.

• Gender: Sociological construct that denotes how an individual

identifies according to social norms, It is considered the sexual
identity of the person.

• Intersex: intermingling of sexual characters of either one individual to

a varying degree including physical form,behavior and gonadal organs
Reasons for sex determination
• Part of establishing identity
• Participation in sports
• Deciding civil rights
• For deciding questions related to marriage, legitimacy,
divorce,impotency,rape, affiliation.
Sex determination becomes
difficult….
• Intersex

• Transvestism
• Transgender community
• Transsexuals
• Concealed sex
• In cases of advanced decomposition and skeletonisation
• Severe mutilation or full thickness burns
Different methods of sex verification
• Physical morphology
• Nuclear sex/Sex chromatin********
• Gonadal biopsy
• Gene based test using PCR
• Assay of testosterone levels
NUCLEAR SEXING

• Histological examination

• Barr body- sex chromatin

• Davidson-Smith body

• Special staining : Quinacrine hydrochloride – Y chromosome

and Fluorescent Feulgen- X chromosome
 BARR BODY
• SEX CHROMATIN 80% positivity in females
• Condensed inactive single X chromosome.
• Found in almost all somatic cells of most females.
• Buccal epithelial cells/ hair follicles are used.

• Best appreciated during interphase of mitosis.

• DISCOVERED BY Murray Barr and Edward Bertran

Appear as planoconvex mass of chromatin near
nuclear membrane
 DAVIDSON SMITH BODY
• It is seen as a drumstick like attachment,which is a nuclear material
mass.
• Attached to nucleus by a stalk or filament like structure

• Mostly demonstrated in Nuetrophils

DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT- DSD
• There is a disparity between external genitalia and chromosome and
gonads.

• Gonadal agenesis
• Gonadal dysgenesis
• True hermaphroditism
• pseudohermaphroditism
Classified to

Disorders of gonadal sex: gonadal agenesis

Disorders of chromosomal sex: Klinefelter/ Turner syndrome

Disorder of phenotype sex: Androgen insensitivity/ cong adrenal hyperplasia

Klinefelter syndrome
Diagnosis: Karyotyping,LOW testosterone,
FSH,LH,Estradiol- elevated

Histology : Testicular dysgenesis with

hyalinization, seminiferous tubule fibrosis

Other features: azoospermia, delayed

puberty,mental deficiency, clinodactyly

47 XXY,
FALSE POSITIVE FOR BARR BODY
 TURNER SYNDROME

MOST COMMON SEX

CHROMOSOM DISORDER

FALSE NEGATIVE BARR BODY

TESTING

Diagnosis : karyotyping , high FSh, High LH

 MOSAICISM

SWYER SYNDROME
Genetic abnormality with
Pure gonadal dysplasia. mixture of cells
46 XY karyotyping
Under masculinization False positive or false
Mutation of deletion of SRY negative Barr body tests.
gene

OVOTESTICULAR DSD
TRUE HERMAPHRODITISM
RARE
DOUBLE SEX/ BISEXUAL
External genitalia of both are
present but chromatin will be
either male or female
MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM
FEMALE PSUEDOHERMAPHRODITISM
CAUSES
CAUSE: congenital adrenal hyperplasia
: Androgen insensitivity, 5 alpha reductase
deficiency.
Genetically female
Genetically male and possess testes but fail to
Develop secondary sexual characteristics of
develop male characteristics.
male
Mostly they have female gender identity.
Lack testes
Failed Barr body test- no extra X chromosome.
Most common is 21- hydroxylase deficiency-
mutation to CYP21A gene
Poorly developed external genitalia can be seen.
Female at birth
Normal levels of testosterone
No breast development or menstruation.
And DHT